Cited by 154Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSchizophrenia research and treatmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk for Depression: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort Study

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Chang, Zheng, D’Onofrio, Brian M., Quinn, Patrick D., Lichtenstein, Paul, Larsson, Henrik·2016·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.018PMC PMC4995143

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Abstract

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, including depression. However, it is unclear whether ADHD medication increases or decreases the risk for depression.Methods We studied all individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD born between 1960 and 1998 in Sweden (N = 38,752). We obtained data for prescription of ADHD medication, diagnosis of depression and other psychiatric disorders, and sociodemographic factors from population-based registers. The association between ADHD medication and depression was estimated with Cox proportional hazards regression.Results After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical confounders, ADHD medication was associated with a reduced long-term risk (i.e., 3 years later) for depression (hazard ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.67). The risk was lower for longer duration of ADHD medication. Also, ADHD medication was associated with reduced rates of concurrent depression; within-individual analysis suggested that occurrence of depression was 20% less common during periods when patients received ADHD medication compared with periods when they did not (hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.92).Conclusions Our study suggests that ADHD medication does not increase the risk of later depression; rather, medication was associated with a reduced risk for subsequent and concurrent depression.

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Authors: Chang, Z., D’Onofrio, B. M., Quinn, P. D., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H.
Affiliations: Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Indiana University Bloomington (US)
Örebro University (SE)
Corresponding author: Chang, Zheng
ORCID: Chang, Zheng
Quinn, Patrick D.
Lichtenstein, Paul
Larsson, Henrik
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-12
Volume: 80
Issue: 12
Pages: 916-922
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.018
PMC: PMC4995143
OpenAlex: W2278520419
Cited by: 154
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 9.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Vetenskapsrådet
National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001108, TL1TR001107)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH102221)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, depression, psychiatric comorbidity, duration of drug use, mental illness, long-term risk
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Drug Prescriptions, Registries, Risk, Sweden, Time Factors, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Young Adult

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Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk for Depression: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort Study

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