3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study
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Objective In the intent-to-treat analysis of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA), the effects of medication management (MedMgt), behavior therapy (Beh), their combination (Comb), and usual community care (CC) differed at 14 and 24 months due to superiority of treatments that used the MTA medication algorithm (Comb+MedMgt) over those that did not (Beh+CC). This report examines 36-month outcomes, 2 years after treatment by the study ended.Method For primary outcome measures (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and oppositional defiant disorder [ODD] symptoms, social skills, reading scores, impairment, and diagnostic status), mixed-effects regression models and orthogonal contrasts examined 36-month outcomes.Results At 3 years, 485 of the original 579 subjects (83.8%) participated in the follow-up, now at ages 10 to 13 years, (mean 11.9 years). In contrast to the significant advantage of MedMgt+Comb over Beh+CC for ADHD symptoms at 14 and 24 months, treatment groups did not differ significantly on any measure at 36 months. The percentage of children taking medication >50% of the time changed between 14 and 36 months across the initial treatment groups: Beh significantly increased (14% to 45%), MedMed+Comb significantly decreased (91% to 71%), and CC remained constant (60%-62%). Regardless of their treatment use changes, all of the groups showed symptom improvement over baseline. Notably, initial symptom severity, sex (male), comorbidity, public assistance, and parental psychopathology (ADHD) did not moderate children's 36-month treatment responses, but these factors predicted worse outcomes over 36 months, regardless of original treatment assignment.Conclusions By 36 months, the earlier advantage of having had 14 months of the medication algorithm was no longer apparent, possibly due to age-related decline in ADHD symptoms, changes in medication management intensity, starting or stopping medications altogether, or other factors not yet evaluated.
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Relatively few individuals with ADHD receive effective treatment throughout the full course of the disorder.
“relatively few individuals with ADHD receive effective treatment throughout the full course of their disorder (Corkum, Rimer, & Schachar, 1999; Jensen et al., 2007; MTA Cooperative Group, 1999; MTA Cooperative Group, 2004; Perwien, Hall, Swensen, & Swindle, 2004; Sanchez, Crismon, Barner, Bettinger, & Wilson, 2005; Weiss, Gadow, & Wasdell, 2006; Molina et al., 2009)”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Jensen et al., 2007
Gains from these interventions are rarely maintained after treatment termination.
“However, such gains are rarely maintained after the termination of treatment (Chronis, Pelham, Jr., Gnagy, Roberts, & Aronoff, 2003; Chronis et al., 2004; Jensen et al., 2007)”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Jensen et al., 2007
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Van Cleave, J., & Leslie, L. K. (2008) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20080801-07 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dauman, N., Haza, M., & Erlandsson, S. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2018.1564520 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Self-citation
- Authors
- JENSEN, P. S., ARNOLD, L. E., SWANSON, J. M., VITIELLO, B., ABIKOFF, H. B., GREENHILL, L. L., HECHTMAN, L., HINSHAW, S. P., PELHAM, W. E., WELLS, K. C., CONNERS, C. K., ELLIOTT, G. R., EPSTEIN, J. N., HOZA, B., MARCH, J. S., MOLINA, B. S. G., NEWCORN, J. H., SEVERE, J. B., WIGAL, T., GIBBONS, R. D., & HUR, K.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- JENSEN, PETER S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 989-1002
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2031947904
- Cited by
- 643
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 30.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- U.S. Department of Justice
- U.S. Department of Education
- University of Pittsburgh (U01 MH50467, N01MH 12010)
- McGill University (N01MH12008)
- York University
- National Institutes of Health (n01mh12011-0-0-1, n01mh012009-007, n01mh12008-0-0-1, n01mh12010-0-0-1, n01mh12004-0-0-0, n01mh12007-0-0-0, n01mh012012-001)
- National Institute of Mental Health (N01MH 12011, N01 MH12007, N01MH-12012, N01MH12008,, U01MH050467, MH-50467, U01 MH50477, U01MH050440, N01 MH12009, U01MH050453, U01MH050461, N01MH 12004, N01MH 12010, 12010)
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, medication management, behavior therapy, combination therapy, medication algorithm, long-term outcomes, oppositional defiant disorder, social skills, reading scores, symptom severity, comorbidities, parental psychopathology, children
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.), United States, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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