Investigating metal removal potential by Effective Microorganisms (EM) in alginate-immobilized and free-cell forms
Abstract
Metal removal potential of both alginate-immobilized and free-cells of Effective Microorganisms (EM-1™ Inoculant) was investigated in this study. Results revealed that removal of Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) followed a similar trend where alginate-immobilized EM were more efficient compared to free-cells of EM. For these metals, 0.940, 2.695 and 4.011 mg g(-1) of Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) were removed compared to only 0.160, 0.859 and 0.755 mg ml(-1) removed by free-cells, respectively. The higher efficiency of alginate-immobilized EM was primarily attributed to the alginate matrix. This was evident when both alginate-immobilized EM and plain alginate beads (without EM), were not significantly different in their removal efficacies. Presence of alginate also enhanced the use of the biosorbents as maximum metal sorption was achieved after 120 min as opposed to only 60 min for free-cells. EM per se in immobilized or free-cell forms did not enhance metal removal efficacy.
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Alginate-immobilized EM removed Cr3+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ at 0.940, 2.695, and 4.011 mg/g, respectively, while free-cells of EM removed 0.160, 0.859, and 0.755 mg/mL, respectively.
“For Cr 3+ , Cu 2+ , and Pb 2+ , alginate-immobilized EM removed 0.940, 2.695, and 4.011 mg/g while free-cells of EM removed 0.160, 0.859, and 0.755 mg/mL, respectively [45].”
From Environmental applications of Effective Microorganisms: a review of current knowledge and recommendations for future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
Free-cells of EM were less efficient than alginate-immobilized EM for removing Cr3+, Cu2+, and Pb2+.
“Free-cells of EM were found to be less efficient compared to alginate-immobilized EM.”
From Environmental applications of Effective Microorganisms: a review of current knowledge and recommendations for future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Ting, A. S. Y., Rahman, N. H. A., Isa, M. I. H. M., & Tan, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Monash University Malaysia (MY)
- Venue
- Bioresource Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 147
- Pages
- 636-639
- ISSN
- 0960-8524 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2140145994
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bioresource Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Monash University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- effective microorganisms, alginate immobilization, metal removal, trivalent chromium, copper(II), lead(II), biosorption, alginate beads, heavy metal adsorption, immobilized cells
- MeSH terms
- Alginates, Biodegradation, Environmental, Hexuronic Acids, Metals, Glucuronic Acid
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