The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining recovery from an eating disorder: Conceptualization, validation, and examination of psychosocial functioning and psychiatric comorbidity
Open accessAbstract
Conceptually, eating disorder recovery should include physical, behavioral, and psychological components, but such a comprehensive approach has not been consistently employed. Guided by theory and recent recovery research, we identified a "fully recovered" group (n = 20) based on physical (body mass index), behavioral (absence of eating disorder behaviors), and psychological (Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire) indices, and compared them with groups of partially recovered (n = 15), active eating disorder (n = 53), and healthy controls (n = 67). The fully recovered group was indistinguishable from controls on all eating disorder-related measures used, while the partially recovered group was less disordered than the active eating disorder group on some measures, but not on body image. Regarding psychosocial functioning, both the fully and partially recovered groups had psychosocial functioning similar to the controls, but there was a pattern of more of the partially recovered group reporting eating disorder aspects interfering with functioning. Regarding other psychopathology, the fully recovered group was no more likely than the controls to experience current Axis I pathology, but they did have elevated rates of current anxiety disorder. Results suggest that a stringent definition of recovery from an eating disorder is meaningful. Clinical implications and future directions regarding defining eating disorder recovery are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Because no consensus definition of AN recovery exists (Bardone-Cone et al., 2010, Hoek, 2006, Pike, 1998)”
From Factors associated with recovery from anorexia nervosa (2013) · cites this paper as Bardone-Cone et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates
Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. (1982) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700049163 · Cited by 4,902
Frank, E. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330075011 · Cited by 1,959 · cited 3×
“This approach is similar to that applied by researchers defining recovery for major depressive disorder (Frank et al., 1991; Rush et al., 2006); for example, Rush et al. (2006) argue that daily functioning should not be included in defining recovery from depression since this is affected both by…”
MethodResultBinge eating: nature, assessment, and treatment
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-4640 · Cited by 1,801
The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century
Steinhausen, H.-C. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1284 · Cited by 1,761
The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale
McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x · Cited by 1,724
(2008) · Cited by 1,397
The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale‐3 (SATAQ‐3): Development and validation
Thompson, J. K., van den Berg, P., Roehrig, M., Guarda, Á. S., & Heinberg, L. J. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10257 · Cited by 1,263
Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders
Ghaderi, A. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802473239 · Cited by 1,244
Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders With Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
Kaye, W. H., Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L., Barbarich, N., Masters, K., & the Price Foundation Collaborative Group (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2215 · Cited by 1,162 · cited 5×
“Other researchers have expressed concerns about requiring this criterion (Roberto et al., 2008) and have not required the presence of amenorrhea for a diagnosis of AN (Kaye et al., 2004). item measure was .83, and the mean score was used in analyses.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBinge eating—Nature, assessment, and treatment
Treasure, J. L. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90024-8 · Cited by 873
Morgan, H. G., & Russell, G. F. M. (1975) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700056981 · Cited by 768
Report by the ACNP Task Force on Response and Remission in Major Depressive Disorder
Rush, A. J., Kraemer, H. C., Sackeim, H. A., Fava, M., Trivedi, M. H., Frank, E., Ninan, P. T., Thase, M. E., Gelenberg, A. J., Kupfer, D. J., et al. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301131 · Cited by 707 · cited 3×
“…is similar to that applied by researchers defining recovery for major depressive disorder (Frank et al., 1991; Rush et al., 2006); for example, Rush et al. (2006) argue that daily functioning should not be included in defining recovery from depression since this is affected both by the…”
ResultEating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): norms for young adult women
Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., & Owen, C. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.12.003 · Cited by 681
The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the appearance schemas inventory
Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E., & Hrabosky, J. I. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10264 · Cited by 577
Female athletes and eating problems: A meta-analysis
Smolak, L., Murnen, S. K., & Ruble, A. E. (2000) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200005)27:4 · Cited by 561
The measurement of impairment due to eating disorder psychopathology
Bohn, K., Doll, H. A., Cooper, Z., O'Connor, M., Palmer, R. L., & Fairburn, C. G. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.012 · Cited by 527
Recovery and Relapse in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa: A 7.5-Year Follow-up Study
Herzog, D. B., Dorer, D. J., Keel, P. K., Delinsky, S. S., Ekeblad, E. R., Flores, A., Greenwood, D., Burwell, R. A., & Keller, M. B. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199907000-00012 · Cited by 433
Postremission predictors of relapse in women with eating disorders
Keel, P. K., Dorer, D. J., Franko, D. L., Jackson, S. C., & Herzog, D. B. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2263 · Cited by 417
Twelve-year course and outcome predictors of anorexia nervosa.
Fichter, M., Quadflieg, N., & Hedlund, S. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20215 · Cited by 398
Relapse in anorexia nervosa: a survival analysis
CARTER, J. C., BLACKMORE, E., SUTANDAR-PINNOCK, K., & WOODSIDE, D. B. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703001168 · Cited by 389
Long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa in a prospective 21-year follow-up study
LÖWE, B., ZIPFEL, S., BUCHHOLZ, C., DUPONT, Y., REAS, D. L., & HERZOG, W. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170100407x · Cited by 373
Grilo, C. M., Masheb, R. M., & Wilson, G. T. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.317 · Cited by 365
Symptom fluctuation in eating disorders: correlates of diagnostic crossover
Tozzi, F., Thornton, L. M., Klump, K. L., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., Strober, M., Woodside, D. B., Crow, S., Mitchell, J., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.732 · Cited by 317
Long-term course of anorexia nervosa
Pike, K. M. (1998) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00014-2 · Cited by 296
Hohlstein, L. A., Smith, G. T., & Atlas, J. G. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.1.49 · Cited by 263
Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Hebebrand, J., Müller, B., Herpertz, S., Heussen, N., & Remschmidt, H. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00756 · Cited by 255
What is recovery in adolescent anorexia nervosa?
Couturier, J. L., & Lock, J. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20309 · Cited by 235
The patient's account of relapse and recovery in anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study
Federici, A., & Kaplan, A. S. (2007) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.813 · Cited by 230
Patterns and Predictors of Recovery in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Herzog, D. B., SACKS, N. R., Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., von Ranson, K. M., & Gray, H. M. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199307000-00020 · Cited by 195
Personality characteristics of women before and after recovery from an eating disorder
KLUMP, K. L., STROBER, M., BULIK, C. M., THORNTON, L., JOHNSON, C., DEVLIN, B., FICHTER, M. M., HALMI, K. A., KAPLAN, A. S., BLAKE WOODSIDE, D., et al. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002442 · Cited by 194
Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study
Keski-Rahkonen, A., Hoek, H., Linna, M., Raevuori, A., Sihvola, E., Bulik, C., Rissanen, A., & Kaprio, J. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003942 · Cited by 190
The process of recovery in eating disorder sufferers' own words: An Internet-based study
Keski‐Rahkonen, A., & Tozzi, F. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20123 · Cited by 187
Reslewic, S. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.300.5622.1091b · Cited by 186
Personality traits after recovery from eating disorders: Do subtypes differ?
Wagner, A., Barbarich-Marsteller, N. C., Frank, G., Bailer, U. F., Wonderlich, S. A., Crosby, R. D., Henry, S. E., Vogel, V., Plotnicov, K. H., McConaha, C. W., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20251 · Cited by 181
Eating disorder not otherwise specified in adolescents.
EDDY, K. T., CELIO DOYLE, A., RIENECKE HOSTE, R., HERZOG, D. B., & le GRANGE, D. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815cd9cf · Cited by 153
Lunner, K., Werthem, E. H., Thompson, J. K., Paxton, S. J., McDonald, F. E. J., & Halvarsson, K. (2000) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200012)28:4 · Cited by 153
Couturier, J. L., & Lock, J. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20224 · Cited by 149
Wentz, E., Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I. C., & Råstam, M. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00757 · Cited by 148
Stunkard, A. J. (2011) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.010 · Cited by 136
Kordy, H., Krämer, B., Palmer, R. L., Papežová, H., Pellet, J., Richard, M., Treasure, J. L., & B, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.2013 · Cited by 129
Health‐related quality of life and eating disorders: A review and update
Engel, S. G., Adair, C. E., Hayas, C. L., & Abraham, S. F. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20602 · Cited by 121
Herzog, W., Schellberg, D., & Deter, H. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.1.169 · Cited by 117
An Examination of Cognitive Versus Behavioral Components of Recovery From Anorexia Nervosa
Bachner‐Melman, R., Zohar, A. H., & Ebstein, R. P. (2006) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000235795.51683.99 · Cited by 100
Eating disorders: The transdiagnostic view and the cognitive behavioral theory.
Fairburn, C. G. (2008) · Cited by 97
An integrative quantitative model of factors influencing the course of anorexia nervosa over time
Yackobovitch‐Gavan, M., Golan, M., Valevski, A., Kreitler, S., Bachar, E., Lieblich, A., Mitrani, E., Weizman, A., & Stein, D. J. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20624 · Cited by 94
Bosanac, P., Kurlender, S., Stojanovska, L., Hallam, K. T., Norman, T. R., McGrath, C., Burrows, G. D., Wesnes, K. A., Manktelow, T., & Olver, J. S. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20412 · Cited by 91
Temporal Patterns of Recovery Across Eating Disorder Subtypes
Holle, A. F. V., Pinheiro, A. P., Thornton, L. M., Klump, K. L., Berrettini, W. H., Brandt, H., Crawford, S. F., Crow, S. J., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., et al. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670701787610 · Cited by 78
The course and outcome of bulimia nervosa
Quadflieg, N., & Fichter, M. M. (2003) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-003-1113-9 · Cited by 76
Psychological correlates of weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa
Channon, S., & DeSilva, W. P. (1985) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(85)90027-5 · Cited by 75
Criteria for Recovery from Eating Disorders According to Patients and Therapists
Noordenbos, G., & Seubring, A. (2006) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640260500296756 · Cited by 75
Striegel‐Moore, R. H., Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046838.90931.44 · Cited by 73
Good outcome of adolescent onset anorexia nervosa after systematic treatment
Halvorsen, I., Andersen, A., & Heyerdahl, S. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0408-9 · Cited by 73
Herzog, W., Schellberg, D., & Deter, H. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.65.1.169 · Cited by 68
Outcome Measurement in Psychiatry: A Critical Review
Peele, R. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1369-a · Cited by 67
The clinical significance of amenorrhea as a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa
Roberto, C. A., STEINGLASS, J. E., Mayer, L., Attia, E., & Walsh, B. T. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20534 · Cited by 66
Outcome Measurement in Psychiatry: A Critical Review
(2002) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9798894550053 · Cited by 59
Field, A. E., Herzog, D. B., Keller, M. B., West, J., Nussbaum, K. M., & Colditz, G. A. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00220-5 · Cited by 47
Coping Strategies and Recovery in Patients with a Severe Eating Disorder
Bloks, H., van Furth, E. F., Callewaert, I., & Hoek, H. W. (2004) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640260490445131 · Cited by 34
Predictors of treatment outcome for binge eating disorder
Peterson, C. B., Crow, S. J., Nugent, S. M., Mitchell, J. E., Engbloom, S., & Mussell, M. P. (2000) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200009)28:2 · Cited by 33
Outcome measurement in eating disorders.
Anderson, D. A., & Williamson, D. A. (2002) · Cited by 33
The relationship between selflessness levels and the severity of anorexia nervosa symptomatology
Bachner‐Melman, R., Zohar, A. H., Ebstein, R. P., & Bachar, E. (2006) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.740 · Cited by 32
Cogley, C. B., & Keel, P. K. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10187 · Cited by 32
State self‐esteem ratings in women with bulimia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in remission
Daley, K. A., Jimerson, D. C., Heatherton, T. F., Metzger, E. D., & Wolfe, B. E. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20447 · Cited by 30
Recovery from Eating Disorders
Walsh, B. T. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670701793402 · Cited by 16
Describing course of illness: Does our language matter?
Frank, E. F. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20145 · Cited by 7
Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199412)16:4
Strober (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199712)22:4
Luce (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199904)25:3
Mussell (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(1997)21:4
Striegel-Moore (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200001)27:1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vall, E., & Wade, T. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22411 · Cited by 458
Khalsa, S. S., Portnoff, L. C., McCurdy, D., & Feusner, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-017-0145-3 · Cited by 453
Vall, E., & Wade, T. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22518 · Cited by 196
The Science Behind the Academy for Eating Disorders' Nine Truths About Eating Disorders
Schaumberg, K., Welch, E., Breithaupt, L. E., Hübel, C., Baker, J. H., Munn‐Chernoff, M. A., Yılmaz, Z., Ehrlich, S., Mustelin, L., Ghaderi, A., et al. (2017) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2553 · Cited by 301
Cognitive flexibility and clinical severity in eating disorders
Tchanturia, K., Harrison, A., Davies, H., Roberts, M., Oldershaw, A., Nakazato, M., Stahl, D., Morris, R., Schmidt, U., & Treasure, J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020462 · Cited by 231
Metadata
- Authors
- Bardone-Cone, A. M., Harney, M. B., Maldonado, C. R., Lawson, M. A., Robinson, D. P., Smith, R., & Tosh, A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 194-202
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2829357
- OpenAlex
- W2078494219
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- University of Missouri
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- eating disorder recovery, recovery definition, body mass index, eating disorder behaviors, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, body image, psychosocial functioning, psychiatric comorbidity, anxiety disorders, eating disorder severity
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Mental Disorders, Body Image, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Interview, Psychological, Models, Psychological, Surveys and Questionnaires, Comorbidity, Body Mass Index, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
