Neuronavigation maximizes accuracy and precision in TMS positioning: evidence from 11,230 distance, angle, and electric field modeling measurements
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Researchers and clinicians have traditionally relied on elastic caps with markings to reposition the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil between trains and sessions. Newer neuronavigation technology co-registers the patient's head and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, providing the researcher with real-time feedback about how to adjust the coil to be on-target. However, there has been no head to head comparison of accuracy and precision across treatment sessions. OBJECTIVE: /Hypothesis: In this two-part study, we compared elastic cap and neuronavigation targeting methodologies on distance, angle, and electric field (E-field) magnitude values. METHODS: In 42 participants receiving up to 50 total accelerated rTMS sessions in 5 days, we compared cap and neuronavigation targeting approaches in 3408 distance and 6816 angle measurements. In Experiment 1, TMS administrators saved an on-target neuronavigation location at Beam F3, which served as the landmark for all other measurements. Next, the operators placed the TMS coil based on cap markings or neuronavigation software to measure the distance and angle differences from the on-target sample. In Experiment 2, we saved each XYZ coordinate of the TMS coil from cap and neuronavigation targeting in 12 participants to compare the E-field magnitude differences at the cortical prefrontal target in 1106 cap and neuronavigation models. RESULTS: Cap targeting was significantly off-target for distance, placing the coil an average of 10.66 mm off-target (Standard error of the mean; SEM = 0.19 mm) compared to 0.3 mm (SEM = 0.03 mm) for neuronavigation (p < 0.0001). Cap targeting also significantly deviated for angles off-target, averaging 7.79 roll/pitch degrees (SEM = 1.07°) off-target and 5.99 yaw degrees (SEM = 0.12°) off-target; in comparison, neuronavigation targeting positioned the coil 0.34 roll/pitch degrees (SEM = 0.01°) and 0.22 yaw (SEM = 0.004°) off-target (both p < 0.0001). Further analyses revealed that there were significant inter-operator differences on distance and angle positioning for F3 (all p < 0.05), but not neuronavigation. Lastly, cap targeting resulted in significantly lower E-fields at the intended prefrontal cortical target, with equivalent E-fields as 110.7% motor threshold (MT; range = 58.3-127.4%) stimulation vs. 119.9% MT (range = 115-123.3%) from neuronavigated targeting with 120% MT stimulation applied (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cap-based targeting is an inherent source of target variability compared to neuronavigation. Additionally, cap-based coil placement is more prone to differences across operators. Off-target coil placement secondary to cap-based measurements results in significantly lower amounts of stimulation reaching the cortical target, with some individuals receiving only 48.6% of the intended on-target E-field. Neuronavigation technology enables more precise and accurate TMS positioning, resulting in the intended stimulation intensities at the targeted cortical level.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A Brainsight Neuronavigation system ensured accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility of coil placement both within and between sessions.
“A Brainsight Neuronavigation system (Version 2.4.8) ensured accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility of coil placement both within and between sessions [35].”
From A phase I trial of accelerated intermittent theta burst rTMS for amnestic MCI (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
The Results (Experiment 1A–B; page unavailable) report substantially smaller coil-placement deviations with neuronavigation than with cap targeting across sessions, supporting improved accuracy and consistency. The Methods (Neuronavigation procedure; page unavailable) identify the system as Brainsight Version 2.4.7, not the citing sentence’s Version 2.4.8. The paper supports improved placement rather than a guarantee that placement was accurate and reproducible within and between sessions. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x · Cited by 5,656 · see citing works
Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex
Huang, Y.-Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K. P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033 · Cited by 4,158 · see citing works
Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression
Drysdale, A. T., Grosenick, L., Downar, J., Dunlop, K., Mansouri, F., Meng, Y., Fetcho, R. N., Zebley, B., Oathes, D. J., Etkin, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4246 · Cited by 2,170 · see citing works
O’Reardon, J. P., Solvason, H. B., Janicak, P. G., Sampson, S., Isenberg, K. E., Nahas, Z., McDonald, W. M., Avery, D., Fitzgerald, P. B., Loo, C., et al. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.018 · Cited by 1,910 · see citing works
Self-citationResponses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex
Pascual‐Leone, Á., Valls‐Solé, J., Wassermann, E. M., & Hallett, M. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.4.847 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
George, M. S., Lisanby, S. H., Avery, D., McDonald, W. M., Durkalski, V., Pavlicova, M., Anderson, B., Nahas, Z., Bulow, P., Zarkowski, P., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
Self-citationDaily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression
George, M. S., Wassermann, E. M., Williams, W. A., Callahan, A., Ketter, T. A., Basser, P., Hallett, M., & Post, R. M. (1995) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199510020-00008 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Self-citationStanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Cole, E. J., Stimpson, K. H., Bentzley, B. S., Gulser, M., Cherian, K., Tischler, C., Nejad, R., Pankow, H., Choi, E., Aaron, H., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19070720 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT): A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Cole, E. J., Phillips, A. L., Bentzley, B. S., Stimpson, K. H., Nejad, R., Barmak, F., Veerapal, C., Khan, N., Cherian, K., Felber, E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101429 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Techniques and mechanisms of action of transcranial stimulation of the human motor cortex
Rothwell, J. C. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(97)02242-5 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
An efficient and accurate new method for locating the F3 position for prefrontal TMS applications
Beam, W., Borckardt, J. J., Reeves, S. T., & George, M. S. (2009) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.006 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Self-citationHorvath, J. C., Forte, J. D., & Carter, O. (2015) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.400 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Liu, A. A., Lafon, B., Friedman, D. J., Dayan, M., Wang, X. H., Bikson, M., Doyle, W., Devinsky, O., & Parra, L. C. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.18834 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Weigand, A., Horn, A., Caballero, R., Cooke, D. L., Stern, A. P., Taylor, S. F., Press, D. Z., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Fox, M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.028 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Carmi, L., Tendler, A., Bystritsky, A., Hollander, E., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, J., Ward, H., Lapidus, K., Goodman, W., Casuto, L., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101180 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Fox, M., Liu, H., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.082 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Distinct symptom-specific treatment targets for circuit-based neuromodulation
Siddiqi, S. H., Taylor, S. F., Cooke, D., Pascual-Leone, A., George, M. S., & Fox, M. D. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19090915 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing brain imaging to improve spatial targeting of transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression
Cash, R. F. H., Weigand, A., Zalesky, A., Siddiqi, S. H., Downar, J., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Fox, M. D. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.033 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Sparing, R., Buelte, D., Meister, I. G., Paus, T., & Fink, G. R. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20360 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Simply longer is not better: reversal of theta burst after-effect with prolonged stimulation
Gamboa, O. L., Antal, A., Moliadze, V., & Paulus, W. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2293-4 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Opitz, A., Falchier, A., Yan, C., Yeagle, E. M., Linn, G. S., Mégevand, P., Thielscher, A., Ross Deborah, A., Milham, M. P., Mehta, A. D., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31236 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Kozel, F. A., Nahas, Z. H., DeBrux, C., Molloy, M. A., Lorberbaum, J. P., Bohning, D. E., Risch, S. C., & George, M. S. (2000) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.12.3.376 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationJulkunen, P., Säïsänen, L., Danner, N., Niskanen, E. I., Hukkanen, T., Mervaala, E., & Könönen, M. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.040 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Nielsen, J. D., Madsen, K. H., Puonti, O., Siebner, H. R., Bauer, C. H., Madsen, C. G., Saturnino, G. B., & Thielscher, A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.001 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Mir-Moghtadaei, A., Caballero, R., Fried, P., Fox, M. D., Lee, K., Giacobbe, P., Daskalakis, Z. J., Blumberger, D. M., & Downar, J. (2015) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.05.008 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Zangen, A., Moshe, H., Martinez, D., Barnea‐Ygael, N., Vapnik, T., Bystritsky, A., Duffy, W., Toder, D., Casuto, L., Grosz, M. L., et al. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20905 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, T., Sommer, M., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01132-0 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Huang, Y.-Z., & Rothwell, J. C. (2004) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2003.12.026 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Nahas, Z., Li, X., Kozel, F. A., Mirzki, D., Memon, M., Miller, K., Yamanaka, K., Anderson, B., Chae, J.-H., Bohning, D. E., et al. (2004) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20015 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationJung, N. H., Delvendahl, I., Kuhnke, N. G., Hauschke, D., Stolle, S., & Mall, V. (2009) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2009.10.003 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, P. B. (2021) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.04.018 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
On the importance of precise electrode placement for targeted transcranial electric stimulation
Opitz, A., Yeagle, E. M., Thielscher, A., Schroeder, C. E., Mehta, A. D., & Milham, M. P. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.027 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Caulfield, K. A., Fleischmann, H. H., George, M. S., & McTeague, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.038 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationLivingston, S., & Ingersoll, C. (2008) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450701668020 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Caulfield, K. A., Badran, B. W., DeVries, W. H., Summers, P. M., Kofmehl, E., Li, X., Borckardt, J. J., Bikson, M., & George, M. S. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.04.007 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Problem and Potential of TMS' Infinite Parameter Space: A Targeted Review and Road Map Forward
Caulfield, K. A., & Brown, J. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867091 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationCardenas, V. A., Bhat, J. V., Horwege, A. M., Ehrlich, T. J., Lavacot, J. A., Mathalon, D. H., Glover, G. H., Roach, B. J., Badran, B. W., Forman, S. D., et al. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.008 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationHebel, T., Göllnitz, A., Schoisswohl, S., Weber, F. C., Abdelnaim, M. A., Wetter, T. C., Rupprecht, R., Langguth, B., & Schecklmann, M. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.01.013 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Modak, A., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2021) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.1907710 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Input-output organization in the hand area of the human motor cortex
Terao, Y., Ugawa, Y., Uesaka, Y., Hanajima, R., Genba‐Shimizu, K., Ohki, Y., & Kanazawa, I. (1995) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control · doi:10.1016/0924-980x(95)00179-o · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Caulfield, K. A., Li, X., & George, M. S. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.06.015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationCaulfield, K. A., Li, X., & George, M. S. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.06.012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) induced electric fields in pediatric stroke
Mantell, K. E., Sutter, E. N., Shirinpour, S., Nemanich, S. T., Lench, D. H., Gillick, B. T., & Opitz, A. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102563 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A novel low-cost approach for navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation
Rodseth, J., Washabaugh, E. P., & Krishnan, C. (2017) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-170751 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neuronavigation for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Comeau, R. M. (2014) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hoornweder, S. V., Meesen, R., & Caulfield, K. A. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.04.010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonalized TMS helmets for quick and reliable TMS administration outside of a laboratory setting
Badran, B. W., Caulfield, K. A., Lopez, J. W., Cox, C. E., Stomberg-Firestein, S., DeVries, W. H., McTeague, L. M., George, M. S., & Roberts, D. R. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.01.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationTao, Q. J., Yang, Y., Yu, H., Fan, L., Luan, S., Zhang, L., Zhao, H., Lv, L., Jiang, T., & Song, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00236 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hoornweder, S. V., Meesen, R., & Caulfield, K. A. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.06.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, H., Jin, J., Wang, X., Li, Y., Liao, W., Cui, D., Liu, Z., & Yin, T. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.07.045 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
George, M. S. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53632-7.01017-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCaulfield, K. A., Lopez, J. W., Cox, C. E., Roberts, D. R., & McTeague, L. M. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRemanan, R., Panchal, J. M., & Lange, D. J. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.86.16_supplement.p6.262 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [29]Saturnino GB, Puonti O, Nielsen JD, Antonenko D, Madsen KH, Thielscher A. SimNIBS 2.1: a comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation. In: Makarov S, Horner M, Noetscher G, editors. Brain and hum bod model 2018. Cham (CH): Springer Copyright 2019, The Author(s); 2019. p. 3– 25. 31725247
- [39]Horvath JC, Forte JD, Carter O. Quantitative review finds No evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul 2015; 8(3): 535– 50. 25701175
- [47]Cole EJ, Stimpson KH, Bentzley BS, Gulser M, Cherian K, Tischler C, Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy for treatmentresistant depression. Am J Psychiatr 2020; 177(8):716e26. appi.ajp.2019.19070720. 32252538
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Morriss, R., Briley, P. M., Webster, L., Abdelghani, M., Barber, S., Bates, P., Brookes, C., Hall, B., Ingram, L., Kurkar, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02764-z · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Trapp, N. T., Purgianto, A., Taylor, J. J., Singh, M. K., Oberman, L. M., Mickey, B. J., Youssef, N. A., Solzbacher, D., Zebley, B., Cabrera, L. Y., et al. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.12.015 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Accelerated Theta Burst Stimulation: Safety, Efficacy, and Future Advancements
Cole, E., O’Sullivan, S. J., Tik, M., & Williams, N. R. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.12.004 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ren, J., Ren, W., Zhou, Y. C., Dahmani, L., Duan, X., Fu, X., Wang, Y., Pan, R., Zhao, J., Zhang, P., et al. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.08.023 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hoornweder, S. V., Nuyts, M., Frieske, J., Verstraelen, S., Meesen, R., & Caulfield, K. A. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120379 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, Z., Huang, J., Zhou, Y., Ren, J., Duan, X., Fu, X., Pan, R., Wang, R., Zhang, P., Ding, M., et al. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.124.046597 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lefaucheur, J., Colzi, C., Hollander, E., Pampaloni, I., Ameringen, M. V., Baeken, C., Fusar‐Poli, P., Arango, C., Fontenelle, L. F., Batail, J.-M. V., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106140 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Clinical utility and prospective of TMS–EEG: Updated review from an international expert group
Ziemann, U., Bai, Y., Baumer, F. M., Beck, M. M., Belardinelli, P., Belvisi, D., Bender, S., Bergmann, T. O., Bortoletto, M., Casarotto, S., et al. (2026) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111487 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Chen, X., Lü, B., Wang, Y., Li, X.-Y., Wang, Z., Li, H.-X., Liao, Y., Blumberger, D. M., Castellanos, F. X., Garza‐Villarreal, E. A., et al. (2025) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2025.05.042 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Opportunities and obstacles in non-invasive brain stimulation
Toth, J., Kurtin, D. L., Brosnan, M. B., & Arvaneh, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1385427 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ren, J., Su, W., Zhou, Y. C., Han, K., Pan, R., Duan, X., Liu, J., Lu, H., Zhang, P., Zhang, W., et al. (2025) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Valerio, J., Ramirez‐Velandia, F., Fernandez, M. P., Rea, N. S., & Alvarez-Pinzon, A. M. (2024) · Neurosurgery Open · doi:10.1227/neuprac.0000000000000090 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
TMS-Induced Modulation of EEG Functional Connectivity Is Affected by the E-Field Orientation
Pieramico, G., Guidotti, R., Nieminen, J. O., D’Andrea, A., Basti, A., Souza, V. H., Nieminen, J. O., Lioumis, P., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Romani, G. L., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030418 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ortega‐Robles, E., Cantillo-Negrete, J., Carino-Escobar, R. I., & Arias-Carrión, Ó. (2023) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2023.102451 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tubbs, A., & Vazquez, E. A. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14111092 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on reactive response inhibition
Qu, H., Geissler, C. F., Ferrante, M., Hartwigsen, G., & Friehs, M. A. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105532 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Schmaußer, M., Raab, M., & Laborde, S. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14606 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yu, G. H., Park, C. M., Jeong, M. G., Jung, G. S., & Kim, K. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1423013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Capizzi, M., Martín-Signes, M., Coull, J. T., Chica, A. B., & Charras, P. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108561 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kaiser, M., Wang, Y., ten Oever, S., Duecker, F., Sack, A. T., & van de Ven, V. G. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00202-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A phase I trial of accelerated intermittent theta burst rTMS for amnestic MCI
Aghamoosa, S., Lopez, J., Rbeiz, K., Fleischmann, H. H., Horn, O., Madden, K., Caulfield, K. A., Antonucci, M. U., Revuelta, G., McTeague, L. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-332680 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Cerebellar TMS Therapy: An Updated Systematic Review on Multi-Session Interventions
Ciricugno, A., Paternò, S., Barbati, N., Borgatti, R., Cattaneo, Z., & Ferrari, C. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13071578 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Agboada, D., Osnabruegge, M., Rethwilm, R., Kanig, C., Schwitzgebel, F., Mack, W., Schecklmann, M., Seiberl, W., & Schoisswohl, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1228859 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Andrade, S. M., Marques, C. C. D. O., de Lucena, L. C., da Costa, K. V., de Souza, I. C., Machado, C. B. D. S., Queiroz, M. E. B. S., Costa, L. P., & da Silva, S. T. (2024) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2024.2321779 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neuroimaging and neuromodulation of invisible symptoms in multiple sclerosis
Ayache, S., & Chalah, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1376095 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hensel, L., Lüdtke, J., Brouzou, K. O., Eickhoff, S. B., Kamp, D., & Schilbach, L. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae096 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gong, L., Yang, X., He, Y., Li, H., Zhou, W., Liu, D., Zhang, B., & Xi, C. (2025) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103815 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Demchenko, I., Al-Shamali, H. F., Rueda, A., Tailor, I., Janssen‐Aguilar, R., Schweizer, T. A., Dunlop, K., Graham, S. J., & Bhat, V. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70424 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Xiao, S., Shen, B., Xu, Z., Zhan, J., Li, J., Zhou, J., & Fu, W. (2025) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-025-01721-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
It is time to personalize rTMS targeting for the treatment of pain
Lefaucheur, J. (2024) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2024.102950 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hamel, R., Pearson, J., Sifi, L., Patel, D. A., Hinder, M. R., Jenkinson, N., & Galea, J. M. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Elnazali, M., Veerakumar, A., Blair, M., Pearce, E. L., Kim, N., Sebastian, S., Santo, J. B., Rybak, Y. E., & Burhan, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.031 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Scalp surface estimation and head registration using sparse sampling and 3D statistical models
Schlesinger, O., Kundu, R., Isaev, D., Choi, J. Y., Goetz, S. M., Turner, D. A., Sapiro, G., Peterchev, A. V., & Martino, J. M. D. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108689 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cho, J. Y., Hoornweder, S. V., Sege, C. T., Antonucci, M. U., McTeague, L. M., & Caulfield, K. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2023.1214959 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel role for non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in central respiratory dysfunction
Lv, L., Cheng, X., Yang, J., Chen, X., & Ni, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1226660 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chowdhury, N. S., Taseen, K. J., Chiang, A. K., Chang, W., Millard, S. K., Seminowicz, D. A., & Schabrun, S. M. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003484 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
MRI free targeting of deep brain structures based on facial landmarks
Riis, T. S., Lunt, S., & Kubanek, J. (2025) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2024.12.1478 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Aghamoosa, S., Nolin, S. A., Chen, A. A., Caulfield, K. A., Lopez, J., Rbeiz, K., Fleischmann, H. H., Horn, O., Madden, K., Antonucci, M., et al. (2025) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2025.04.012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential online and offline effects of theta-tACS on memory encoding and retrieval
Paßmann, S., Baselgia, S., Kasten, F. H., Herrmann, C. S., & Rasch, B. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01204-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning
Hamel, R., Waltzing, B. M., Hinder, M. R., McAllister, C. J., Jenkinson, N., & Galea, J. M. (2024) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2024.03.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mussigmann, T., Bardel, B., Casarotto, S., Senova, S., Rosanova, M., Vialatte, F., & Lefaucheur, J. (2024) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2024.103012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The role of white matter variability in TMS neuromodulatory effects
Martín-Signes, M., Esteban, P. R.-S., Narganes-Pineda, C., Caracuel, A., Mata, J. L., Martín‐Arévalo, E., & Chica, A. B. (2024) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2024.11.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kinjo, M., Honda, S., Wada, M., Nakajima, S., Koike, S., & Noda, Y. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148989 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Quantification of subject motion during TMS via pulsewise coil displacement
Numssen, O., Martin, S., Williams, K., Knösche, T. R., & Hartwigsen, G. (2024) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) localization by co-registration of facial point clouds
Liu, G., Li, J., Zhao, J., Roberts, N., Kong, D., Xu, Q., Xing, H., & Gong, Q. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.837 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gregory, E., Siddiqi, S., Fox, M., Blumberger, D. M., Downar, J. H., Daskalakis, Z. J., Dunlop, K., & Vila‐Rodriguez, F. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.662866 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., Xiang, Y., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1574721 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shim, J., & Kim, C. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15111247 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
TMS-induced phase resets depend on TMS intensity and EEG phase
Erickson, B. A., Kim, B., Sabes, P. N., Rich, R., Hatcher, A., Fernandez-Nuñez, G., Mentzelopoulos, G., Vitale, F., & Medaglia, J. D. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad7f87 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rayani, K., Grabovac, A. D., Chan, P., Montgomery, S., Ghovanloo, M., & Sacchet, M. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1494567 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, S., Weng, Q., Kong, G., Wu, G., Cui, H., Qian, Z., Xu, L., Wang, J., Huang, J., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119712 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Robot-Assisted Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (Robo-TMS): A Review
Bai, W., Weightman, A., O’Connor, R. J., Ding, Z., Zhang, M., Xie, S. Q., & Li, Z. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2025.3585651 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Verification of neuronavigated TMS accuracy using structured-light 3D scans
Matilainen, N., Kataja, J., & Laakso, I. (2024) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad33b8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tetra codes: A precise, concise notation system for scalp-based neuronavigation
Li, Y., Peterchev, A. V., & Downar, J. H. (2024) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2024.09.012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Millet, B., Harika‐Germaneau, G., Maatoug, R., Naudet, F., Reymann, J., Turmel, V., Batail, J.-M. V., Soulabaille, J., Jaafari, N., & Drapier, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317597 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
3D-printed helmet-type neuro-navigation approach (I-Helmet) for transcranial magnetic stimulation
Wang, H., Cui, D., Jin, J., Wang, X., Li, Y., Liu, Z., & Yin, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1224800 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Caulfield, K. A., LaPorta, S., Walton, R. M., Collins, E., Summers, P. M., Cho, J. Y., Antonucci, M. U., Opitz, A., George, M. S., & McTeague, L. M. (2024) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationRech, L., Vivanco, R. A., Guersoni, A. C., Ninapaytan, G. M. C., Rivera, P. B., Ramos-Orosco, E. J., Vargas-Ruiz, A., Felipe, M., & Carvalho, S. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020106 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, M.-M., Zhou, H.-T., Zhang, X., Chen, Q.-F., Tong, Q., Han, Q., Zhao, X., Wang, D., Lai, J., He, H., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04174-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Han, S., Shen, Y., Wu, X., Zhao, Y., Wu, Z., Luo, N., Yang, Z., Li, D., Song, M., et al. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04687-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effect of prolonged elbow pain and rTMS on TMS-evoked potentials: A TMS-EEG study
Chowdhury, N. S., Chang, W., Cheng, D., Manivasagan, N., Seminowicz, D. A., & Schabrun, S. M. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lefaucheur, J., Mussigmann, T., Bapst, B., & Bardel, B. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2110773 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, H., Jin, J., Zhang, X., Jiao, Q., Cui, D., Liu, Z., & Yin, T. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121346 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cortical surface electric field estimation for real-time TMS with graph neural networks
Maki, T., Yokota, T., Hirata, A., & Hontani, H. (2025) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae1ee7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How accurate are coordinate systems being used for transcranial magnetic stimulation?
Uehara, M. A., Jacobson, N., & Moussavi, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1342410 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, X., Huang, S., Cheng, Y., Dai, W., & Shen, Y. (2025) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/69425 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reducing target E-field variability in repetitive TMS through online motion compensation
Grosshagauer, S., Woletz, M., Becher, M., Björklund, J., Padberg, F., Keeser, D., Bulubas, L., & Windischberger, C. (2025) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2025.102990 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gongalla, S., Oh, J., Zuckerberg, A., O’Reardon, J. P., & Morrison, M. F. (2026) · Transcranial magnetic stimulation . · doi:10.1016/j.transm.2026.100209 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Patnaik, A., Guruprasad, N., Sekar, A., Bansal, S., & Sahu, R. N. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_881_23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chowdhury, N. S., Taseen, K. J., Chiang, A. K., Chang, W., Millard, S. K., Seminowicz, D. A., & Schabrun, S. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598596 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dietary Cocoa Flavanols Do Not Alter Brain Excitability in Young Healthy Adults
Hamel, R., Oyler, R., Harms, E., Bailey, R., Rendeiro, C., & Jenkinson, N. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070969 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Use of MRI and TMS in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Advances in Pediatric Applications
Ha, T., Jakimier, K., & O’Sullivan, S. J. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020194 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hui, J., Trevizol, A. P., Espinola, C. W., Kelkar, R. S., Lee, H. H., Mulsant, B. H., Prillo, J., Zomorrodi, R., Zrenner, C., & Blumberger, D. M. (2025) · Transcranial magnetic stimulation . · doi:10.1016/j.transm.2025.100167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hashmi, M. U. H., Khurana, M., Qadri, S. F., Ahmed, F. K., Iqbal, F., Mehmood, T., Farhan, W., Kumar, S., & Kumari, A. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10152-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dormegny-Jeanjean, L. C., de Billy, C. D. C., Pierrat, C., Mainberger, O., Schorr, B., Obrecht, A., Arcay, H., Moreau, A., Humbert, I., Scarlatti, F., et al. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02027-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Antônio, F. I., Rodrigues, M. P., Tremblay, F., Pukall, C. F., & McLean, L. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2110803 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Virtual neuronavigation for parcel-guided TMS
Truong, D. Q., Datta, A., Moreno, J., Valter, Y., Mejia, R., Nazim, K., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Berman, J. A., & Javitt, D. C. (2026) · Transcranial magnetic stimulation . · doi:10.1016/j.transm.2026.100323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nygaard, S., Madsen, M. A. J., Wiggermann, V., Cabras, C., Christiansen, L., Svátková, A., Lundell, H., Chow, H. H., Christensen, J. R., Blinkenberg, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1759679 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Snyder, I., Handoko, K., Neppach, A., Badhan, G., Karim, H. T., Price, R. B., Ferrarelli, F., Dombrovski, A. Y., & Peciña, M. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0647 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gregory, E., Samara, A., Ge, R., Shearer, H., Humaira, A., Vanderwal, T., & Vila‐Rodriguez, F. (2026) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2026.06.465 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caulfield, K. A., Sege, C. T., Weaver, J., Murphy, K. R., Passaro, A. D., Meads, K., Dadgar‐Kiani, E., Antonucci, M. U., Good, C. H., & McTeague, L. M. (2026) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2026.103171 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGregory, E., Siddiqi, S., Fox, M., Blumberger, D. M., Downar, J. H., Daskalakis, Z. J., Dunlop, K., & Vila‐Rodriguez, F. (2026) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2026.103173 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, G., Vivanco, R. A., Rech, L., Ramos-Orosco, E. J., Prilip, P., Mengide, J. P., Rivera, P. B., Vargas-Ruiz, A., Barros, L. C. M., Abbarh, S., et al. (2024) · Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Journal · doi:10.21801/ppcrj.2023.94.4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, H. S., Kim, D. H., Seo, H. G., Im, S., Yoo, Y. J., Kim, N. Y., Lee, J., Kim, D., Park, H., Yoon, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1427142 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Temiz, G., Bağçeci, İ., Şenol, N. E. G., & Bulut, T. (2025) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2025.101260 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Comprehensive evaluation of U-Net based transcranial magnetic stimulation electric field estimations
Berger, T. A., Mantell, K. E., Haigh, Z. J., Perera, N. D., Alekseichuk, I., & Opitz, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95767-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, Y. (2024) · International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision and Machine Learning (ICICML) · doi:10.1109/icicml63543.2024.10957770 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hamel, R., Pearson, J., Sifi, L., Patel, D. A., Hinder, M. R., Jenkinson, N., & Galea, J. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.532906 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Editorial: Rising stars in brain imaging and stimulation 2023
Ayache, S. S., Biabani, M., & Chalah, M. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1437975 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Webler, R. D., Pines, A. R., Chiulli, N., Cotovio, G., Darby, R., Jiang, J., Joutsa, J., Li, N., Oliveira-Maia, A. J., Peng, S., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.25322842 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Hancock, R., & Santaniello, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640697 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caulfield, K. A., Sege, C. T., Weaver, J., Murphy, K. R., Passaro, T., Meads, K., Dadgar‐Kiani, E., Antonucci, M. U., Good, C. H., & McTeague, L. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.27.656481 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, J. J., Palm, S. T., Cohen, A. L., Croarkin, P. E., Drew, W., Fox, M., & Siddiqi, S. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.019
Wang, M., Zhang, X., Zhou, H., Chen, Q., Tong, Q., Han, Q., Zhao, X., Wang, D., Lai, J., He, H., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.25.24311037
Aghamoosa, S., Sims, S. A., Chen, A. A., Caulfield, K. A., Lopez, J. W., Rbeiz, K. S., Fleischmann, H. H., Horn, O., Antonucci, M. U., Revuelta, G. J., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5067527
Self-citationYoussef, H., Öge, A. E., Cuypers, K., & Vural, A. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110374
Green, J., Kundu, R., Peterchev, A. V., & Martino, J. M. D. (2024) · IEEE URUCON · doi:10.1109/urucon63440.2024.10850257
Webler, R. D., Pines, A. R., Chiulli, N., Cotovio, G., Darby, R., Jiang, J., Joutsa, J., Li, N., Oliveira-Maia, A. J., Peng, S., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6070697/v1
Canino, M., Arvin, N., Nachazel, Z., Irrgang, J. J., Popchak, A. J., Musahl, V., Sterczala, A. J., & Flanagan, S. D. (2025) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-025-07003-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, Y. (2024) · International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision and Machine Learning (ICICML) · doi:10.1109/icicml63543.2024.10958123
- Authors
- Caulfield, K. A., Fleischmann, H. H., Cox, C. E., Wolf, J. P., George, M. S., & McTeague, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Caulfield, Kevin A.
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1192-1205
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- PMC
- PMC10026380
- OpenAlex
- W4293512447
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 13
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health (F31 NRSA)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM109040)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F31NS126019)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD086844)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications
- Keywords
- neuronavigation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, targeting accuracy, electric field modeling, inter-operator variability, prefrontal cortex stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Software, Prefrontal Cortex, Neuronavigation, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
