Cited by 1,705Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmune cells in cancerTGF-β signaling in diseases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Fibroblast Heterogeneity and Immunosuppressive Environment in Human Breast Cancer

Open access

Costa, Ana, Kieffer, Yann, Scholer-Dahirel, Alix, Pelon, Floriane, Bourachot, Brigitte, Cardon, Melissa, Sirven, Philemon, Magagna, Ilaria, Fuhrmann, Laetitia, Bernard, Charles, Bonneau, Claire, Kondratova, Maria, Kuperstein, Inna, Zinovyev, Andrei, Givel, Anne-Marie, Parrini, Maria-Carla, Soumelis, Vassili, Vincent-Salomon, Anne, Mechta-Grigoriou, Fatima·2018·Cancer Cell

DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.011

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are key players in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we characterize four CAF subsets in breast cancer with distinct properties and levels of activation. Two myofibroblastic subsets (CAF-S1, CAF-S4) accumulate differentially in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). CAF-S1 fibroblasts promote an immunosuppressive environment through a multi-step mechanism. By secreting CXCL12, CAF-S1 attracts CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes and retains them by OX40L, PD-L2, and JAM2. Moreover, CAF-S1 increases T lymphocyte survival and promotes their differentiation into CD25 High FOXP3 High, through B7H3, CD73, and DPP4. Finally, in contrast to CAF-S4, CAF-S1 enhances the regulatory T cell capacity to inhibit T effector proliferation. These data are consistent with FOXP3+ T lymphocyte accumulation in CAF-S1-enriched TNBC and show how a CAF subset contributes to immunosuppression.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.011

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Molecular portraits of human breast tumours
Perou, C., Sørlie, T., Eisen, M., van de Rijn, M., Jeffrey, S., Rees, C. A., Pollack, J., Ross, D., Johnsen, H., Akslen, L., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021093 · Cited by 16,551
The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy
Pardoll, D. M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3239 · Cited by 13,838
Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications
Sørlie, T., Perou, C. M., Tibshirani, R. J., Aas, T., Geisler, S. B., Johnsen, H., Hastie, T. J., Eisen, M. B., van de Rijn, M., Jeffrey, S. S., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.191367098 · Cited by 11,506
Engagement of the Pd-1 Immunoinhibitory Receptor by a Novel B7 Family Member Leads to Negative Regulation of Lymphocyte Activation
Freeman, G. J., Long, A. J., Iwai, Y., Bourque, K., Chernova, T., Nishimura, H., Fitz, L. J., Malenkovich, N., Okazaki, T., Byrne, M. C., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.7.1027 · Cited by 5,294
Fibroblasts in cancer
Kalluri, R., & Zeisberg, M. (2006) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1877 · Cited by 4,538
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Intratumoral Immune Cells Reveal the Immune Landscape in Human Cancer
Bindea, G., Mlecnik, B., Tosolini, M., Kirilovsky, A., Waldner, M. J., Obenauf, A. C., Angell, H. K., Fredriksen, T., Lafontaine, L., Berger, A., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.003 · Cited by 4,455
Stromal Fibroblasts Present in Invasive Human Breast Carcinomas Promote Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis through Elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 Secretion
Orimo, A., Gupta, P. B., Sgroi, D. C., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Delaunay, T., Naeem, R., Carey, V. J., Richardson, A. L., & Weinberg, R. A. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.034 · Cited by 3,759
PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation
Latchman, Y., Wood, C. R., Chernova, T., Chaudhary, D., Borde, M., Chernova, I., Iwai, Y., Long, A. J., Brown, J. A., Nunes, R., et al. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/85330 · Cited by 2,955
Mechanism-driven biomarkers to guide immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy
Topalian, S. L., Taube, J. M., Anders, R. A., & Pardoll, D. M. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.36 · Cited by 2,733
Depletion of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts and Fibrosis Induces Immunosuppression and Accelerates Pancreas Cancer with Reduced Survival
Özdemir, B. C., Pentcheva-Hoang, T., Carstens, J. L., Zheng, X., Wu, C.-C., Simpson, T. R., Laklai, H., Sugimoto, H., Kahlert, C., Novitskiy, S. V., et al. (2014) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.005 · Cited by 2,681

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 74 references

5 of the 74 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,002

Review of cancer-associated fibroblasts and their microenvironment in post-chemotherapy recurrence
Ishii, G., & Ishii, T. (2020) · Human Cell · doi:10.1007/s13577-020-00417-8 · Cited by 20
Overcoming challenges to enable targeting of metastatic breast cancer tumour microenvironment with nano-therapeutics: Current status and future perspectives
Niveria, K., Yadav, M., Dangi, K., & Verma, A. K. (2022) · OpenNano · doi:10.1016/j.onano.2022.100083 · Cited by 21
Clinical applications of 3D normal and breast cancer organoids: A review of concepts and methods
Lewis, S. M., Callaway, M. K., & dos Santos, C. O. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702221131877 · Cited by 20
Sphingosine Kinase 2 in Stromal Fibroblasts Creates a Hospitable Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer
Weigel, C., Maczis, M. A., Palladino, E. N. D., Green, C. D., Maceyka, M. W., Guo, C., Wang, X., Dozmorov, M. G., Milstien, S., & Spiegel, S. (2022) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1638 · Cited by 20
The role of the Na+/Ca2+-exchanger (NCX) in cancer-associated fibroblasts
Loeck, T., & Schwab, A. (2023) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2022-0253 · Cited by 20
Revisiting the Syndecans: Master Signaling Regulators with Prognostic and Targetable Therapeutic Values in Breast Carcinoma
Motta, J. M., Hassan, H., & Ibrahim, S. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15061794 · Cited by 21
Role of exosomes in the development of the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma
Li, T., Jiao, J., Ke, H., Ouyang, W., Wang, L., Pan, J., & Li, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200201 · Cited by 21
“In fact, CAFs expressed PD-L1 and PD-L2 bound to PD-1 receptors on T cells and then inhibited T cell activity (146, 151).”
Background
Dissecting pulmonary fibroblasts heterogeneity in lung development, health and diseases
Zhang, X., Shi, X., Xie, F., Liu, Y., Wei, X., Cai, Y., & Chao, J. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19428 · Cited by 23
Combination of oxymatrine (Om) and astragaloside IV (As) enhances the infiltration and function of TILs in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)
Wang, H., Wei, L., Mao, D., Che, X., Ye, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111026 · Cited by 20
Forces at play: exploring factors affecting the cancer metastasis
Riaz, F., Zhang, J., & Pan, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1274474 · Cited by 23
“A recent study revealed a new subtype of CAFs, namely, CAF-S1 in the microenvironment, which performs immunosuppressive functions by attracting and enhancing the growth, differentiation, activation, and survival of CD4 + CD25 + T cells (57).”
Background
Glioblastoma-Associated Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Partners in Crime?
Lootens, T., Roman, B. I., Stevens, C. V., Wever, O. D., & Raedt, R. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042285 · Cited by 19
“Breast CAFs exhibiting co-expression of α -SMA, PDGFR-β and FAP played key roles in immunosuppression, correlating to an immune regulatory subtype [84,87].”
Background
Intrahepatic IgA complex induces polarization of cancer-associated fibroblasts to matrix phenotypes in the tumor microenvironment of HCC
Park, J. G., Roh, P. R., Kang, M. W., Cho, S. W., Hwangbo, S., Jung, H. D., Kim, H. U., Kim, J. H., Yoo, J.-S., Han, J. W., et al. (2024) · Hepatology · doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000000772 · Cited by 20
T cell landscape in the microenvironment of human solid tumors
Maggi, E., Munari, E., Landolina, N., Mariotti, F. R., Azzarone, B. G., & Moretta, L. (2024) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106942 · Cited by 22
Fibroblasts in cancer: Defining target structures for therapeutic intervention
Boesch, M., Baty, F., Rumpold, H. F., Sopper, S., Wolf, D. G. F., & Brutsche, M. H. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.06.003 · Cited by 20
A Single-Cell Window into Pancreas Cancer Fibroblast Heterogeneity
Belle, J. I., & DeNardo, D. G. (2019) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0576 · Cited by 20
Unfolding innate mechanisms in the cancer microenvironment: The emerging role of the mesenchyme
Koliaraki, V., Henriques, A. R., Prados, A., & Kollias, G. A. (2020) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20190457 · Cited by 20
The emerging role of circulating tumor cells in cancer management.
Li, X., Dong, M., Zang, X.-Y., Li, M.-Y., Zhou, J., Ma, J., & Wang, G.-Y. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
Characterization of Fibroblasts in Iatrogenic Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Lina, I. A., Tsai, H., Ding, D., Davis, R. J., Motz, K., & Hillel, A. T. (2020) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.29026 · Cited by 21
“In fibrosis, there is a heterogenous population of fibroblasts that includes both normal and “activated” (pathologic) fibroblasts.(4,23) When compared to normal (nonscar) fibroblasts data from our previous study,(4) the T2DM iLTS scar fibroblasts herein demonstrate similar magnitudes of basal respiration but increased…”
Result
The anti-B7-H4 checkpoint synergizes trastuzumab treatment to promote phagocytosis and eradicate breast cancer
Hu, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Kong, D., Kong, J., Zhao, D., Guo, Y., Sun, L., Chu, L., Liu, S., et al. (2020) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2020.08.007 · Cited by 20
Risk Signature of Cancer-Associated Fibroblast–Secreted Cytokines Associates With Clinical Outcomes of Breast Cancer
Sun, C., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Yang, F., Zeng, T., Meng, F., Yang, M., Yang, Y., Hua, Y., Fu, Z., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.628677 · Cited by 20
“We conducted MCP-counter analysis using six CAF markers, including CD29, FAP, SMA, FSP1, PDGFRb, and CAV1, according to the previous report (23).”
BackgroundMethod
Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts in Cervical Cancer Progression: FAP as a Central Activation Marker
Bueno-Urquiza, L. J., Godínez-Rubí, M., Villegas‐Pineda, J. C., Vega‐Magaña, N., Jave‐Suárez, L. F., Puebla‐Mora, A. G., Aguirre-Sandoval, G. E., Martínez-Silva, M. G., Ramírez-de-Arellano, A., & Pereira-Suárez, A. L. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13070560 · Cited by 19
“This leads us to understand that CAFs subpopulation with increase FAP expression promotes higher tumor aggressiveness and immunosuppression [33,34].”
Background
Deciphering breast cancer dynamics: insights from single-cell and spatial profiling in the multi-omics era
Xiong, X., Wang, X., Liu, C., Shao, Z.-M., & Yu, K. (2024) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-024-00654-1 · Cited by 21
Spatial Architecture of Single-Cell and Vasculature in Tumor Microenvironment Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Mi, H., Varadhan, R., Cimino‐Mathews, A., Emens, L. A., Santa-Maria, C. A., & Popel, A. S. (2024) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100652 · Cited by 19
Unraveling the breast cancer tumor microenvironment: crucial factors influencing natural killer cell function and therapeutic strategies
Li, F., Gao, C., Huang, Y., Qiao, Y., Xu, H., Liu, S., & Wu, H. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.108803 · Cited by 20
“They play a pivotal role in facilitating immune evasion [61,62].”
Cancer-associated fibroblasts in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: functional heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment crosstalk, and therapeutic opportunities
Wang, M., Zhao, Y., Xu, K., Liu, C., Zhong, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, K., & Wei, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1617968 · Cited by 23
“The interaction between CAFs and Tregs exempli ﬁ es this immunoregulatory property (46, 47).”
Extracellular vesicles: the “Trojan Horse” within breast cancer host microenvironments
Kang, Y., Meng, L., Bai, S., & Li, S. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02358-y · Cited by 21
Molecular phenotypes and spatial archetypes: A new framework for cancer-associated fibroblasts
Liu, Y., Chen, X., Dai, Y., Jia, Y., Kieffer, Y., Xie, L., Zhou, Z., Tyler, L. A., Kim, A. C., Biffi, G., et al. (2026) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2026.06.001 · Cited by 19
In Vitro Suppression of T Cell Proliferation Is a Conserved Function of Primary and Immortalized Human Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Abuwarwar, M. H., Baker, A. T., Harding, J. S., Payne, N. L., Nagy, A., Knoblich, K., & Fletcher, A. L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041827 · Cited by 20
“CAFs create an immunosuppressive TME that indirectly promotes cancer growth [44] and may directly contribute to immunotherapy resistance [27].”
Background
Epigenetic Reprogramming of Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts in Lung Cancer: Therapeutic Opportunities
Alcaraz, J., Ikemori, R., Llorente, A., Díaz‐Valdivia, N., Reguart, N., & Vizoso, M. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13153782 · Cited by 21
“It is now clear that TAFs are molecularly and phenotypically heterogeneous in NSCLC and other solid tumors [16,17].”
Background
Immune function and dysfunction are determined by lymphoid tissue efficacy
Makris, S., de Winde, C. M., Horsnell, H. L., Cantoral-Rebordinos, J. A., Finlay, R. E., & Acton, S. E. (2022) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.049256 · Cited by 20
“Four CAF subsets (CAF-S1 to CAF-S4) with distinct phenotypes have been identified in breast cancer (Costa et al., 2018).”
Background
Stromal Characteristics and Impact on New Therapies for Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Fertal, S. A., Poterala, J. E., Ponik, S. M., & Wisinski, K. B. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14051238 · Cited by 20
Characteristics of tumour stroma in regional lymph node metastases in colorectal cancer patients: a theoretical framework for future diagnostic imaging with FAPI PET/CT
Polack, M., Hagenaars, S. C., Couwenberg, A. M., Kool, W., Tollenaar, R. A. �. �., Vogel, W. V., Snæbjörnsson, P., & Mesker, W. E. (2022) · Clinical & Translational Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12094-022-02832-9 · Cited by 19
Bone Marrow Niches and Tumour Cells: Lights and Shadows of a Mutual Relationship
Granata, V., Crisafulli, L., Nastasi, C., Ficara, F., & Sobacchi, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.884024 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, CXCL12-expressing fibroblasts have been associated with a cancer-promoting phenotype in BCa and aggressive solid tumours (94), pointing to a role in bone metastases (95).”
Background
Cancer-associated fibroblasts as accomplices to confer therapeutic resistance in cancer
Wang, W., Cheng, B., & Yu, Q. (2022) · Cancer Drug Resistance · doi:10.20517/cdr.2022.67 · Cited by 18
Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids Isolated from Tylophora ovata as Potent Inhibitors of Inflammation, Spheroid Growth, and Invasion of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Reimche, I., Yu, H., Ariantari, N. P., Liu, Z., Merkens, K., Rotfuß, S., Peter, K., Jungwirth, U., Bauer, N., Kiefer, F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231810319 · Cited by 19
“CAFs recruit immunosuppressive cells [39] and are correlated with poor clinical outcome in TNBC patients [40] through mediating tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance [41].”
Background
Phase-specific signatures of wound fibroblasts and matrix patterns define cancer-associated fibroblast subtypes
Wietecha, M. S., Lauenstein, D., Cangkrama, M., Seiler, S., Jin, J., Goppelt, A., Claassen, M., Levesque, M. P., Dummer, R., & Werner, S. (2023) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2023.03.003 · Cited by 21
GREM1 signaling in cancer: tumor promotor and suppressor?
Gao, Z., Houthuijzen, J. M., ten Dijke, P., & Brazil, D. P. (2023) · Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1007/s12079-023-00777-4 · Cited by 19
“In various malignancies, CAFs have been identified with myofibroblastic, inflammatory and antigen-presenting functions (myofibloblast myCAFs, inflammatory iCAFs and antigen-presenting apCAFs, respectively) (Elyada et al. 2019; Costa et al. 2018; Sugimoto et al. 2006; Lenox and Bauer 2013).”
Background
Biomimetic “nano-spears” for CAFs-targeting: splintered three “shields” with enhanced cisplatin anti-TNBC efficiency
Wu, Y., Chen, R., Ni, S., & Hu, K. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.053 · Cited by 19
An NMF-Based Methodology for Selecting Biomarkers in the Landscape of Genes of Heterogeneous Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Populations
Esposito, F., Boccarelli, A., & Buono, N. D. (2020) · Bioinformatics and Biology Insights · doi:10.1177/1177932220906827 · Cited by 19
Immune Cell Infiltration-Based Characterization of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Predicts Prognosis and Chemotherapy Response Markers
Lv, Y., Lv, D., Lv, X., Xing, P., Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.616469 · Cited by 18
“Previous studies on TNBC microenvironment subtypes are heterogenous (Costa et al., 2018; Romero-Cordoba et al., 2019; Xiao et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2020).”
Background
Stiffness-induced cancer-associated fibroblasts are responsible for immunosuppression in a platelet-derived growth factor ligand-dependent manner
Gamradt, P., Thierry, K., Masmoudi, M., Wu, Z., Hernández‐Vargas, H., Bachy, S., Antonio, T., Savas, B., Hussain, Z., Tomasini, R., et al. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad405 · Cited by 18
“Recently, the complex heterogeneity of CAFs has been revealed by other studies, indicating the existence of CAF subpopulations equipped with pro-and antitumorigenic qualities (19 – 21 , 29 ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Tumor-associated macrophages promoting PD-L1 expression in infiltrating B cells through the CXCL12/ CXCR4 axis in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Lian, S. (2024) · American Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.62347/ziax8828 · Cited by 20
4-1BB agonist targeted to fibroblast activation protein α synergizes with radiotherapy to treat murine breast tumor models
Garate-Soraluze, E., Serrano-Mendioroz, I., Fernández, L., de Andrea, C. E., Barrio‐Alonso, C., Herrero, C., Teijeira, Á., Luri‐Rey, C., Claus, C., Tanos, T., et al. (2025) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2024-009852 · Cited by 18
“FAP expression has been identified as a leading marker to identify activated CAFs across various solid cancer types including colorectal cancer, 11–13 breast cancer 14 15 and melanoma.”
Prognostic Value and Potential Immunoregulatory Role of SCARF1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Patten, D. A., Wilkinson, A. L., O’Rourke, J. M., & Shetty, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.565950 · Cited by 18
Lung Cancer Diagnosis Based on an ANN Optimized by Improved TEO Algorithm
Rong, S., & Rezaei, T. (2021) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2021/6078524 · Cited by 18
“Figure 1 shows the statistical information for the lead cancers and their death number in 2019 based on the American Cancer Society of lung cancer screening [7].”
Background
The neutrophil protein CD177 is a novel PDPN receptor that regulates human cancer-associated fibroblast physiology
Astarita, J. L., Keerthivasan, S., Husain, B., Şenbabaoğlu, Y., Verschueren, E., Gierke, S., Pham, V. C., Peterson, S. M., Chalouni, C. M., Pierce, A. A., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260800 · Cited by 18
“Fresh human CRC samples digested using a previously published protocol [22].”
Method
Tumour microenvironment and heterotypic interactions in pancreatic cancer
Velasco, R. M., García, A. G., Sánchez, P. J., Sellart, I. M., & Lobo, V. J. S.-A. (2022) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-022-00875-8 · Cited by 18
“Despite this initial classification, it is likely that there are additional subtypes depending on the pathophysiology of the disease, as shown by the finding of CAFs subpopulations with low expression of αSMA and IL-6 [92], or the detection of novel subsets in breast cancer [23].”
Background
NT5E upregulation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A novel biomarker on cancer-associated fibroblasts for predicting immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment
Chen, X., Liu, Y., Tao, B.-Y., Xue, X., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Zhong, H., Zhang, J., Yang, S., & Jiang, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.975847 · Cited by 19
“Notably, CAFs are the prominent NT5E cells in the TME of breast cancer (37).”
Background
A review of the biology and therapeutic implications of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Burley, A., Rullan, A., & Wilkins, A. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1000888 · Cited by 19
“In contrast CAF-S4 did not play a role in the immune response and instead was found to be associated with muscle contraction, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and oxidative metabolism (53).”
BackgroundMethod
Exploring the Biology of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Pancreatic Cancer
Bryce, A. S., Dreyer, S. B., Froeling, F. E. M., & Chang, D. K.-F. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14215302 · Cited by 19
Immune Regulatory Function of Cancer- Associated Fibroblasts in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Lee, H., Hwang, M., Jang, S., & Um, S. (2023) · Tuberculosis & respiratory diseases · doi:10.4046/trd.2022.0129 · Cited by 18
“Successful immunotherapy for cancers requires effective infiltration of CD8+ T cells inside the tumor, and tumors containing CAFs often have low levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) 8,9 .”
Spatiotemporally controlled Pseudomonas exotoxin transgene system combined with multifunctional nanoparticles for breast cancer antimetastatic therapy
Yi, C. X., Zou, J., He, M., Hou, X., Wang, H., Xu, J., Yuan, Z., Lan, M., Yang, Y. A., Chen, X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.011 · Cited by 18
Improved Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in One-Tube Assay in Breast Cancer Patients Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
Muchlińska, A., Wenta, R., Ścińska, W., Markiewicz, A., Suchodolska, G., Senkus, E., Zaczek, A. J., & Bednarz‐Knoll, N. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15164169 · Cited by 18
“Interestingly, no CD29+ cCAFs were found, whereas this subtype of cCAF was found predominantly within the primary tumors of luminal BC [33].”
Background
Integrated analysis of single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq unravels the heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in TNBC
Wu, X., Lü, W., Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Mei, H., Zhang, M., Cui, Y., & Zhuo, Z. (2023) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.205205 · Cited by 21
“Two subpopulations of myofibroblasts with immunosuppressive effects (CAF-S1 and CAF-S4) accumulate differentially in TNBC [22].”
Background
Fibroblast-induced mammary epithelial branching depends on fibroblast contractility
Sumbal, J., Fré, S., & Koledova, Z. S. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002093 · Cited by 18
A Biodegradable Nanosuspension Locally Used for Inhibiting Postoperative Recurrence and Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer
Qian, M., Jiang, G., Guo, W., & Huang, R. (2024) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05146 · Cited by 18
scRNA-seq characterizing the heterogeneity of fibroblasts in breast cancer reveals a novel subtype SFRP4+ CAF that inhibits migration and predicts prognosis
Ning, L., Quan, C., Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Yuan, P., & Xie, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1348299 · Cited by 19
“Meanwhile, in SFRP4+ CAFs, S100A4, CAV1, and FAP were upregulated while ACTA2 and PDGFRB were downregulated suggested that SFRP4+ CAF did not belong to any of four CAF subsets proposed by Costa (12, 20 – 22 ).”
Influential
Metabolic enzymes expressed by cancer cells impact the immune infiltrate
Stoll, G., Kremer, M., Bloy, N., Joseph, A., Castedo, M., Meurice, G., Klein, C., Galluzzi, L., Michels, J., & Kroemer, G. (2019) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2019.1571389 · Cited by 18
The Axin2-snail axis promotes bone invasion by activating cancer-associated fibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma
An, Y.-Z., Cho, E. S., Ling, J., & Zhang, X. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07495-9 · Cited by 18
The Blockade of Tumoral IL1β-Mediated Signaling in Normal Colonic Fibroblasts Sensitizes Tumor Cells to Chemotherapy and Prevents Inflammatory CAF Activation
Díaz-Maroto, N. G., Garcia‐Vicién, G., Polcaro, G., Bañuls, M., Albert, N., Villanueva, A., & Mollevı́, D. G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094960 · Cited by 19
Large-scale pan-cancer analysis reveals broad prognostic association between TGF-β ligands, not Hedgehog, and GLI1/2 expression in tumors
de Reyniès, A., Javelaud, D., Elarouci, N., Marsaud, V., Gilbert, C., & Mauviel, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71559-w · Cited by 18
Netrin G1 promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis through cancer associated fibroblast driven nutritional support and immunosuppressionPreprint
Francescone, R., Costa, D. B. V., Franco-Barraza, J., Wagner, J., Muir, A., Lau, A. N., Gabitova, L., Pazina, T., Gupta, S., Luong, T., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/330209 · Cited by 18
“Recent studies have revealed multiple CAF subsets in a variety of tumors [38, 43, 95-97], each with different functions.”
Mapping the breast tumor microenvironment: proximity analysis reveals spatial relationships between macrophage subtypes and metastasis-initiating cancer cells
Grasset, E. M., Deshpande, A. M., Lee, J. W., Cho, Y., Shin, S. M., Coyne, E. M., Hernandez, A., Yuan, X., Zhang, Z., Cimino‐Mathews, A., et al. (2024) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-024-03127-9 · Cited by 17
“We noted that T cells and B cells are excluded from cancer cells by Str_V stromal cells and Mac_IV macrophages, both expressing HLADR.”
Influential
WNT2 blockade augments antitumor immunity by attenuating myeloid‐derived suppressor cells in colorectal cancer
Cui, C., Zhang, T., Lin, Q., Huang, T., Rao, E., Du, J., & Fu, L. (2024) · MedComm – Oncology · doi:10.1002/mog2.70004 · Cited by 18
Colon Fibroblasts and Inflammation: Sparring Partners in Colorectal Cancer Initiation?
Onfroy-Roy, L., Hamel, D., Malaquin, L., & Ferrand, A. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13081749 · Cited by 20
“Two recent elegant studies made by Mechta-Grigoriou’s team on breast and ovarian cancers provided an overview of how ﬁbroblast populations can be the main actors in tumor development and can drive the resistance to cancer therapies [98,99].”
Spatial interplay of lymphocytes and fibroblasts in estrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative breast cancer
Nederlof, I., Hajizadeh, S., Sobhani, F., Raza, S. E. A., AbdulJabbar, K., Harkes, R., van de Vijver, M. J., Salgado, R., Desmedt, C., Kok, M., et al. (2022) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-022-00416-y · Cited by 20
Smart Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Treatment Based on the Tumor Microenvironment
Luo, X. H., Zhang, Q., Chen, H., Hou, K., Zeng, N., & Wu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.907684 · Cited by 21
“In short, normal fibroblasts inhibit tumor formation, whereas CAFs promote BC cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and the inflammatory response, and remodeling the ECM promotes the malignant phenotype of BC cells, resulting in a poor prognosis (85, 86).”
Background
FOXF2 oppositely regulates stemness in luminal and basal-like breast cancer cells through the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway
Zhang, X. L., Zhang, R., Hou, C., He, R., Wang, Q., Zhou, T.-H., Li, X., Zhai, Q.-L., & Feng, Y.-M. (2022) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102082 · Cited by 17
The crosstalk within the breast tumor microenvironment in type II diabetes: Implications for cancer disparities
Ennis, C. S., Llévenes, P., Qiu, Y., Dries, R., & Denis, G. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1044670 · Cited by 20
Pan-cancer analysis identifies NT5E as a novel prognostic biomarker on cancer-associated fibroblasts associated with unique tumor microenvironment
Xue, X., Liu, Y., Chen, X., Tao, B.-Y., Liu, P., Zhou, H.-W., Zhang, C., Wang, L., Jiang, Y.-K., Ding, Z.-W., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1064032 · Cited by 17
“CAF-S1) expressed NT5E could upregulate the power of Tregs to inhibit the proliferation of effector T cells (Costa et al., 2018; Givel et al., 2018), while this effect could be neutralize after using an antiCD73 antibody (Magagna et al.”
Background
Molecular mechanisms of microRNA-216a during tumor progression
Hamidi, A. A., Taghehchian, N., Zangouei, A. S., Akhlaghipour, I., Maharati, A., Basirat, Z., & Moghbeli, M. (2023) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-023-02865-2 · Cited by 17
“CAFs secrete inflammatory cytokines, which results in the stimulation of pathways that promote tumor cell growth and selfrenewal preservation [153].”
Background
New insights into fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma
Chen, J., Yiu, W. H., Tang, P. M., & Tang, S. C. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1056964 · Cited by 18
“Fibrotic signaling can also mediate immunosuppression by facilitating Treg cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) differentiation and recruitment (Costa et al., 2018; Givel et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2022), metabolic reprogramming (Hamanaka and Mutlu, 2021), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) regulation (Shi et…”
Background
Obesity and Fibrosis: Setting the Stage for Breast Cancer
Kuziel, G. M., Moore, B. N., & Arendt, L. M. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15112929 · Cited by 16
“Distinct CAF populations have been identiﬁed that correspond with breast tumor subtypes [105,109].”
Background
Primary cancer-associated fibroblasts exhibit high heterogeneity among breast cancer subtypes
Piwócka, O., Musielak, M., Piotrowski, I., Kulcenty, K. I., Adamczyk, B., Fundowicz, M., Suchorska, W. M., & Malicki, J. (2023) · Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy · doi:10.5603/rpor.a2023.0026 · Cited by 17
“FAP was found to be readily expressed in the BC stroma, although its expression has either no association with clinicopathological outcomes or has been linked to extended survival [7].”
BackgroundInfluential
Role of autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblast activation, signaling and metabolic reprograming
Sari, D., Gözüaçık, D., & Akkoç, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1274682 · Cited by 18
A promising target for breast cancer: B7-H3
Jiang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, L., Qian, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-024-11933-3 · Cited by 18
“In a subgroup of breast cancers, high B7-H3 expression on CAFs was shown to alter T-cell activity toward more regulatory activities [174].”
Background
The role of ANXA1 in the tumor microenvironment
Li, L., Wang, B., Zhao, S., Xiong, Q., & Cheng, A. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111854 · Cited by 18
Heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-promoting roles in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Herch, I. E., Tornaas, S., Dongre, H., & Costea, D. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2024.1340024 · Cited by 17
A Novel Autocrine CXCL14/ACKR2 Axis: The Achilles' Heel of Cancer Metastasis?
Zhang, Q., Zhou, N., Wang, W., & Zhou, S. (2019) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0853 · Cited by 17
“Recently, CAFs have been categorized into four molecular subsets in breast cancer with different functions based upon different gene expression (2).”
Background
Strategies of targeting pathological stroma for enhanced antitumor therapies
Zhu, Y., Yu, F., Tan, Y., Yuan, H., & Hu, F. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104401 · Cited by 16
Apoptosis mapping in space and time of 3D tumor ecosystems reveals transmissibility of cytotoxic cancer death
Veith, I., Mencattini, A., Picant, V., Serra, M., Leclerc, M., Comes, M. C., Mami‐Chouaib, F., Camonis, J., Descroix, S., Shirvani, H., et al. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008870 · Cited by 16
Epigenetic Mechanisms Driving Tumor Supportive Microenvironment Differentiation and Function: A Role in Cancer Therapy?
Sylvestre, M., Tarte, K., & Roulois, D. (2019) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2019-0165 · Cited by 18
Guardians and Mediators of Metastasis: Exploring T Lymphocytes, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment
Ruocco, M. R., Gisonna, A., Acampora, V., D'Agostino, A. G., Carrese, B., Santoro, J., Venuta, A., Nasso, R., Rocco, N., Russo, D., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25116224 · Cited by 19
“The CAF secretome exerts an immunomodulatory action by regulating immune cell recruitment and functions within tumors [44–46] as well as CAFs contributing to construct an ECM that acts as physical barrier precluding the infiltration of immune cells into tumors [47–49].”
Background
Inflammatory fibroblasts make rectal cancer resistant to radiation therapy
Mhaidly, R., & Mechta‐Grigoriou, F. (2022) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2022.01.005 · Cited by 16
Generation and Characterization of a Tumor Stromal Microenvironment and Analysis of Its Interplay with Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Model to Study Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Inactivation
Romano, V., Ruocco, M. R., Carotenuto, P., Barbato, A., Venuta, A., Acampora, V., Lella, S. D., Vigliar, E., Iaccarino, A., Troncone, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23126875 · Cited by 16
Caveolin-1-deficient fibroblasts promote migration, invasion, and stemness via activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in breast cancer cells
Huang, Q.-Y., Wu, L., Wang, Y., Kong, X., Xiao, X., Huang, Q.-Y., Li, M., Zhai, Y., Shi, F., Zhao, R., et al. (2022) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2022150 · Cited by 16
Integrative single‐cell sequencing analysis distinguishes survival‐associated cells from the breast cancer microenvironment
Huang, L., Qin, S., Xia, L., Ma, F., & Chen, L. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.5892 · Cited by 16
Glutamine deficiency drives transforming growth factor‐β signaling activation that gives rise to myofibroblastic carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts
Mezawa, Y., Wang, T., Daigo, Y., Takano, A., Miyagi, Y., Yokose, T., Yamashita, T., Yang, L., Maruyama, R., Seimiya, H., et al. (2023) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.15955 · Cited by 16
“…from the TME result in the generation of distinct fibroblast subpopulations, mainly α - smooth muscle actin ( α - SMA)- positive myofibroblastic CAF (myCAFs), inflammatory CAFs, and antigen-presenting CAFs, 5– 8 although precise cause of the CAF sub-population induction remains poorly understood.”
Background
The breast cancer tumor microenvironment and precision medicine: immunogenicity and conditions favoring response to immunotherapy
Nicolini, A., Ferrari, P., Silvestri, R., & Gemignani, F. (2024) · Journal of the National Cancer Center · doi:10.1016/j.jncc.2024.01.004 · Cited by 17
Mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis: the role of extracellular matrix
Chen, R., Zhang, R., Ke, F., Guo, X., Zeng, F., & Liu, Q. (2024) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-024-05175-x · Cited by 17
“Among them, CAF-S1 exhibited immunomodulatory activities, including recruiting CD4 ⁺ CD25 ⁺ T cells through CXCL12 and facilitating Treg differentiation [172].”
From ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: the prognostic value of the extracellular microenvironment
Hulahan, T. S., & Angel, P. M. (2024) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-024-03236-z · Cited by 17
“However, their use as biomarkers has challenges [59, 60] due to the heterogeneity of CAF populations in primary tumors [52, 61–63].”
CAF-mediated tumor vascularization: From mechanistic insights to targeted therapies
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q. H., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.111827 · Cited by 17
Microenvironmental modulation of the developing tumour: an immune‐stromal dialogue
Jones, J. O., Moody, W. M., & Shields, J. D. (2020) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12773 · Cited by 16
A four-gene signature in the tumor microenvironment that significantly associates with the prognosis of patients with breast cancer
Wang, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, C., Ouyang, J., Zhang, G., & Wu, C. (2020) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2020.145049 · Cited by 16
High PDGFRb Expression Predicts Resistance to Radiotherapy in DCIS within the SweDCIS Randomized Trial
Strell, C., Folkvaljon, D., Holmberg, E. C., Schiza, A., Thurfjell, V., Karlsson, P., Bergh, J. C. S., Bremer, T. M., Akslen, L. A., Wärnberg, F., et al. (2021) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4300 · Cited by 16
Optimal Diagnosis of COVID‐19 Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Red Fox Optimization Algorithm
Khorami, E., Babaei, F., & Azadeh, A. (2021) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2021/4454507 · Cited by 16
“Based on the World Health Organization (WHO), infected patients of COVID-19 for April 17, 2021, are 140,888,075, and total death numbers until this date is 3,016,755 [1, 2].”
Background
Classification of colon adenocarcinoma based on immunological characterizations: Implications for prognosis and immunotherapy
Xu, M., Chang, J., Wang, W., Wang, X., Wang, X., Weng, W., Tan, C., Zhang, M., Ni, S., Wang, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.934083 · Cited by 18
“Previous studies have found that in breast cancer, PDGFRB+CAFs recruit CD4CD25FOXP3 Treg cells, and the recruited Treg cells inhibit the activation and proliferation of CD8T cells in the TME, thereby inducing local immunosuppression (63).”
Background
Primary breast tumours but not lung metastases induce protective anti-tumour immune responses after Treg-depletion
Hughes, E., Lauder, S. N., Smart, K., Bloom, A., Scott, J., Jones, E., Somerville, M., Browne, M., Blainey, A., Godkin, A., et al. (2020) · Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-020-02603-x · Cited by 15
“Recently, Costa and colleagues showed that a particular subset of CAF drives immunosuppression in triple-negative breast cancer [30].”
Background
Intratumoral heterogeneity and immunotherapy resistance: clinical implications
Keenan, B. P., Yadav, M., Ansstas, G., Fabrizio, D. A., Murugesan, K., Montesion, M., Niyogi, D. G., Mellman, I., & Melero, I. (2025) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2025.10.1239 · Cited by 19
Janus-Faced: Molecular Mechanisms and Versatile Nature of Renal Fibrosis
Arai, H., & Yanagita, M. (2020) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0001972020 · Cited by 17
“In breast cancer, four subsets of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been identified, which accumulate differentially according to cancer subtypes (36).”
Background

Authors: Costa, A., Kieffer, Y., Scholer-Dahirel, A., Pelon, F., Bourachot, B., Cardon, M., Sirven, P., Magagna, I., Fuhrmann, L., Bernard, C., Bonneau, C., Kondratova, M., Kuperstein, I., Zinovyev, A., Givel, A.-M., Parrini, M.-C., Soumelis, V., Vincent-Salomon, A., & Mechta-Grigoriou, F.
Affiliations: Inserm (FR)
Institut Curie (FR)
ORCID: Costa, Ana
Kieffer, Yann
Pelon, Floriane
Bourachot, Brigitte
Magagna, Ilaria
Fuhrmann, Laetitia
Bernard, Charles
Bonneau, Claire
Kuperstein, Inna
Zinovyev, Andrei
Soumelis, Vassili
Mechta-Grigoriou, Fatima
Venue: Cancer Cell
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-03
Volume: 33
Issue: 3
Pages: 463-479.e10
ISSN: 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.011
OpenAlex: W2786031287
Cited by: 1,705
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 165 · 2025: 202 · 2024: 264 · 2023: 255 · 2022: 236 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 47
FWCI: 54.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 376 d)
Locations: Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders: Fondation de France
Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
Institut National Du Cancer (INCa-DGOS-9963)
Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
SiRIC-Curie program (INCa-DGOS-4654)
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
Institut Curie
Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer
ICGex (ANR-10-EQPX-03)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
Keywords: cancer-associated fibroblasts, breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, tumor microenvironment, immunosuppression, regulatory T cells, CXCL12, OX40L, PD-L2, JAM2, B7-H3, CD73, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, Foxp3, CD4+ T cells, T cell survival, fibroblast heterogeneity
MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms, Cell Differentiation, Fibroblasts, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, Cell Proliferation, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Forkhead Transcription Factors, Tumor Microenvironment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Fibroblast Heterogeneity and Immunosuppressive Environment in Human Breast Cancer

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks