Present and Projected Developments in Hydrogen Production: A Technological Review
Open accessAbstract
Energy supplies that are safe, environmentally friendly, dependable, and cost-effective are important for society's long-term growth and improved living standards, though political, social, and economic barriers may inhibit their availability. Constantly increasing energy demand is induced by substantial population growth and economic development, putting an increasing strain on fossil fuel management and sustainability, which account for a major portion of this rising energy demand and, moreover, creates difficulties because of greenhouse gas emissions growth and the depletion of resources. Such impediments necessitate a global shift away from traditional energy sources and toward renewables. Aside from its traditional role, H2 is viewed as a promising energy vector and is gaining international attention as a promising fuel path, as it provides numerous benefits in use case scenarios and, unlike other synthesized carbon-based fuels, could be carbon-free or perhaps even negative on a life-cycle criterion. Hydrogen (H2) is one of the most significant chemical substances on earth and can be obtained as molecular dihydrogen through various techniques from both non-renewable and renewable sources. The drive of this paper is to deliver a technological overview of hydrogen production methods. The major challenges, development and research priorities, and potential prospects for H2 production was discussed.
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E-hydrogen faces significant economic disadvantages related to the high costs of storage and transportation infrastructure stemming from its low volumetric energy density.
“However, e-hydrogen faces significant economic disadvantages related to the high costs of storage and transportation infrastructure stemming from its low volumetric energy density [46,47,55].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 2.4.1 (Current electrolysis market; page unavailable) reports high delivered costs for electrolytic hydrogen, and section 4 (Conclusions and future research priorities; page unavailable) calls the cost of supplying hydrogen to dispersed locations a major challenge. Neither passage attributes storage or transportation infrastructure costs to low volumetric energy density, and the copy does not establish high storage costs specifically. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHydrogen, due to low volumetric energy density, requires specialized high-pressure or cryogenic storage and transport, and a completely new refueling network for widespread transport use.
“Hydrogen, due to its low volumetric energy density, requires specialized high-pressure or cryogenic storage and transport, and a completely new refueling network for widespread use in transport [37,55].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
The Conclusions and future research priorities section says infrastructure to supply hydrogen to vehicle users must be built and identifies distribution and dispensing obstacles to widespread use. It does not link those obstacles to low volumetric energy density or specify high-pressure or cryogenic storage and transport. The Introduction also says existing fuel transportation and storage facilities can be used for hydrogen, undercutting the claim that a completely new network is required. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Nnabuife, S. G., Ugbeh-Johnson, J., Okeke, N. E., & Ogbonnaya, C.
- Affiliations
- Cranfield University (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nnabuife, Somtochukwu Godfrey
- Venue
- Carbon Capture Science & Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 100042
- ISSN
- 2772-6568 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4220895860
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 21
- FWCI
- 9.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Carbon Capture Science & Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- CERES (Cranfield University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Cranfield University
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (1985434)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes
- Keywords
- hydrogen production, hydrogen production technologies, green hydrogen, alternative fuels, energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, hydrogen fuel
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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