Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH3) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review
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Considering the renewable electricity production using sustainable technologies, such as solar photovoltaics or wind turbines, it is essential to have systems that allow for storing the energy produced during the periods of lower consumption as well as the energy transportation through the distribution network. Despite hydrogen being considered a good candidate, it presents several problems related to its extremely low density, which requires the use of very high pressures to store it. In addition, its energy density in volumetric terms is still clearly lower than that of most liquid fuels. These facts have led to the consideration of ammonia as an alternative compound for energy storage or as a carrier. In this sense, this review deals with the evaluation of using green ammonia for different energetic purposes, such as an energy carrier vector, an electricity generator and E-fuel. In addition, this study has addressed the latest studies that propose the use of nitrogen-derived compounds, i.e., urea, hydrazine, ammonium nitrate, etc., as alternative fuels. In this study, the possibility of using other nitrogen-derived compounds, i.e., an update of the ecosystem surrounding green ammonia, has been assessed, from production to consumption, including storage, transportation, etc. Additionally, the future challenges in achieving a technical and economically viable energy transition have been determined.
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Ammonia exhibits a liquid volumetric energy density of approximately 12.7 MJ/L, which is lower than that of methanol (15.6 MJ/L) and gasoline (32 MJ/L) but significantly higher than that of liquid hydrogen (8.5 MJ/L).
“In the context of next-generation carbon-free fuels, ammonia exhibits a liquid volumetric energy density of approximately 12.7 MJ/L [301], which is lower than that of methanol (15.6 MJ/L) and gasoline (32 MJ/L) [302] but significantly higher than that of liquid hydrogen (8.5 MJ/L) [301].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [301]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kovač, A.; Paranos, M.; Marciuš, D. Hydrogen in energy transition: A review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 10016-10035.
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Sorted by citations
Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Estevez, R., López-Tenllado, F. J., Aguado-Deblas, L., Bautista, F. M., Romero, A. A., & Luna, D.
- Affiliations
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Luna, Diego
- ORCID
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-07-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 5451
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4384822289
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 287
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Universidad de Córdoba Insitutional Repository (Universidad de Córdoba) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Spanish MCIN (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- MCIN/AEI10.13039/501100011033 (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- EU “NextGenerationEU/PRTR” (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- Junta de Andalucía (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- FEDER funds (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- Institute of Chemistry, Energy and Environment (QUIEMA) of the University of Córdoba (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Keywords
- green ammonia, ammonia as energy carrier, energy storage, e-fuels, urea, hydrazine, ammonium nitrate, ammonia synthesis, renewable electricity storage, energy transition
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