Cited by 532Advanced oxidation water treatmentWater Treatment and DisinfectionEnvironmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies

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Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based wastewater treatment-unexpected nitration side reactions—A serious environmental issue: A review

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Rayaroth, Manoj P., Aravindakumar, Charuvila T., Shah, Noor S., Boczkaj, Grzegorz·2022·Chemical Engineering Journal

DOI 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133002

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Abstract

Chemical compounds containing nitro group (nitro-products) are a one of toxic by-products, that can be formed during wastewater treatment processes. In case of presence of nitrite or nitrate ions, the formation of nitro-products during advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is very common. It is caused by the reactive nitrogen species (RNs) such as nitrate radical (NO3•), nitrite radical (NO2•), nitrogen oxide radical (NO•) and peroxynirite (ONOO–). In fact, the oxidative degradation of N-containing pollutants releases nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions. In some cases, secondary reactions of mineralised nitrogen species (nitrate and nitrite ions) with the parent or intermediate compound generate next several nitro-products. The nitro-products are more toxic comparing to the primary pollutants and act as the precursors of the nitrogenous disinfection by-products. Moreover, some studies reported unexpected nitro-products formation during the oxidative degradation. In case of such processes a special attention should be made to monitor and minimize these effects. De-nitration of the initial nitro-compounds induces the formation of various nitro-products in AOPs. It was observed for UV light driven, Fenton and persulfate based AOPs. The sonochemical nitrogen fixation is a key mechanism for the formation of nitro-compounds in ultrasounds based AOPs. Therefore, this paper is focused on comparison of various AOPs in terms of nitro-products formation mechanisms and the associated environmental issues.

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Authors: Rayaroth, M. P., Aravindakumar, C. T., Shah, N. S., & Boczkaj, G.
Affiliations: Gdańsk University of Technology (PL)
Mahatma Gandhi University (IN)
COMSATS University Islamabad (PK)
Corresponding author: Boczkaj, Grzegorz
ORCID: Rayaroth, Manoj P.
Aravindakumar, Charuvila T.
Shah, Noor S.
Boczkaj, Grzegorz
Venue: Chemical Engineering Journal
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-02
Volume: 430
Pages: 133002
ISSN: 1385-8947 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133002
OpenAlex: W3209537840
Cited by: 532
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 80 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 104
FWCI: 26.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Chemical Engineering Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Narodowe Centrum Nauki (UMO-2017/25/B/ST8/01364)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
Keywords: advanced oxidation processes, nitrite, nitrate, reactive nitrogen species, nitrate radical, nitrite radical, peroxynitrite, nitrogenous disinfection by-products, Fenton oxidation, persulfate, wastewater treatment, toxic by-products

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Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based wastewater treatment-unexpected nitration side reactions—A serious environmental issue: A review

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