The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Senescence Is a Developmental Mechanism that Contributes to Embryonic Growth and Patterning
Open accessAbstract
Senescence is a form of cell-cycle arrest linked to tumor suppression and aging. However, it remains controversial and has not been documented in nonpathologic states. Here we describe senescence as a normal developmental mechanism found throughout the embryo, including the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the neural roof plate, two signaling centers in embryonic patterning. Embryonic senescent cells are nonproliferative and share features with oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), including expression of p21, p15, and mediators of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Interestingly, mice deficient in p21 have defects in embryonic senescence, AER maintenance, and patterning. Surprisingly, the underlying mesenchyme was identified as a source for senescence instruction in the AER, whereas the ultimate fate of these senescent cells is apoptosis and macrophage-mediated clearance. We propose that senescence is a normal programmed mechanism that plays instructive roles in development, and that OIS is an evolutionarily adapted reactivation of a developmental process.
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“A distinct form of cellular senescence occurs in the mammalian developing embryo and in the placenta to control growth and patterning131,132,142,143.”
From Cellular senescence in ageing: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among these cell types, NK cells, T cells and macrophages can physically interact with senescent cells in pathological and physiological conditions131,132,145,150,153–156.”
From Cellular senescence in ageing: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“SASP factors mediate developmental senescence (Mun ˜ oz-Espı ´n et al., 2013; Storer et al., 2013), wound healing (Demaria et al., 2014), and tissue plasticity (Mosteiro et al., 2016) and also contribute to persistent chronic inflammation (known as inflammaging) (Franceschi and Campisi, 2014).”
From Cellular Senescence: Defining a Path Forward (2019) · cites this paper as Storer et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Of possible relevance to this puzzle, senescent cells were recently detected during embryogenesis, where they appear to play a nonessential role in optimizing the development of certain embryonic structures (Muñoz-Espín et al., 2013; Storer et al., 2013).”
From An Essential Role for Senescent Cells in Optimal Wound Healing through Secretion of PDGF-AA (2014) · cites this paper as Storer et al., 2013
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In the citing paper
“recent reports showed a beneficial role for the SASP during embryonic development (Muñoz-Espín et al., 2013; Storer et al., 2013) and a role in limiting fibrosis after tissue injury (Jun and Lau, 2010; Krizhanovsky et al., 2008).”
From An Essential Role for Senescent Cells in Optimal Wound Healing through Secretion of PDGF-AA (2014) · cites this paper as Storer et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“it was reported that senescence occurs in a programmed manner and contributes to mammalian embryonic development and tissue patterning, although mainly via induction of p21, p15 and mediators of the SASP rather than through overt DDR signalling131,132.”
From Cellular senescence in ageing: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
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In the citing paper
“Cellular senescence, a stress-induced irreversible growth arrest often characterized by p16 Ink4a expression and a distinctive secretory phenotype, prevents the proliferation of preneoplastic cells and has beneficial roles in tissue remodelling during embryogenesis and wound healing.”
From Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, recent studies showing that senescent cells have beneficial effects in injury repair and tissue remodelling 6 - 10 have called into question the simplistic view of senescence as only a driver of age-dependent pathologies, raising the specter that senescent cell clearance might remove useful cells in addition to detrimental ones.”
From Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
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In the citing paper
“In addition to tissue repair, SASP factors are involved in embryonic development of the apical ectodermal ridge and neural roof plate.40, 41”
From Cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“By contrast, senescent cells have shown beneficial effects as tumour suppressors, during embryo development, and in liver and skin repair18–21 or reprogramming22–24.”
From Senescence atlas reveals an aged-like inflamed niche that blunts muscle regeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the SASP is involved in valuable physiological processes such as promoting tissue repair,18–20 fine-tuning the development of embryonic structures,21–23 and stimulating immune surveillance.24,25”
From Paracrine roles of cellular senescence in promoting tumourigenesis (2018) · cites this paper as [21]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Senescence, much like apoptosis, contributes to embryonic patterning (Muñoz-Espín et al. 2013; Storer et al. 2013).”
From Cellular senescence and its effector programs (2014) · cites this paper as Storer et al. 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, two recent studies have identified “programmed” cellular senescence, which contributes to tissue remodeling during mammalian embryonic development at multiple regions (Muñoz-Espín et al. 2013; Storer et al. 2013).”
From Cellular senescence and its effector programs (2014) · cites this paper as Storer et al. 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, while developmental senescence also exhibits up-regulation of some SASP components, major DDR targets (see below) like IL6 and IL8 do not appear to be up-regulated (Storer et al. 2013).”
From Cellular senescence and its effector programs (2014) · cites this paper as Storer et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“Senescence plays key physiological roles in normal development (Muñoz-Espín et al., 2013; Storer et al., 2013), maintaining tissue homeostasis, tissue remodeling and repair (Yun et al., 2015), wound healing (Ramakrishna et al., 2012; Demaria et al., 2014), secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells (Helman et al., 2016), and limits tumor progression by ensuring that potentially dysfunctional,”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Storer et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Upregulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 plays a key role in developmental senescence as mice lacking it show defects in embryonic senescence, apical ectodermal ridge maintenance and patterning as well as other developmental defects.”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Storer et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Developmental senescence is a transient programmed cellular senescence that occurs during mammalian embryonic development (Muñoz-Espín et al., 2013; Storer et al., 2013).”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Storer et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“developmentally programmed and transiently-regulated senescence is established to be vital in promoting tissue remodeling, embryogenesis and patterning”
From Redox control of senescence and age-related disease. (2017) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“This pathway can positively contribute to normal development and wound healing (15, 17, 61, 62).”
From The DNA damage response induces inflammation and senescence by inhibiting autophagy of GATA4. (2015) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Waves of cellular senescence (followed by RCD) appear to contribute to developmental embryogenesis (although in a dispensable manner) [6, 946, 947] as well as to multiple pathophysiological processes in the adult, including tissue repair and regeneration, immunity, preservation of the stem cell compartment, and oncosuppression [948–957].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [947]
In the citing paper
“However, these studies focused on the function of senescence in acute organ injury, not in chronic processes such as atherosclerosis.”
From Senescence-induced inflammation: an important player and key therapeutic target in atherosclerosis (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
In the citing paper
“Experimental evidence shows that cellular senescence has roles in limiting myocardial206 and liver207 fibrosis, promoting skin healing,82 as well as in embryonal development,208 which have to be considered.”
From Senescence-induced inflammation: an important player and key therapeutic target in atherosclerosis (2020) · cites this paper as [208]
In the citing paper
“Embryonic cell senescence is p21, but not p53, dependent, is accompanied by the SASP, and these cells are eliminated by macrophages 149,150”
From Inside and out: the activities of senescence in cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [150]
In the citing paper
“using a mouse model in which senescent cells can be detected in living animals, SASP was also recently shown to promote wound healing and optimize the formation of certain embryonic structures.”
From Aging of the immune system: Focus on inflammation and vaccination (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, unlike chronic senescence (i.e., accumulation of deleterious senescent cells with aging), the acute induction of cellular senescence represents a transient physiological response during embryonic development [27,28] and adult tissue homeostasis (e.g., to facilitate tissue repair after liver damage, in skin fibrosis, and wound healing) [29,30,31].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Other mechanisms, such as apoptosis, may partially compensate for the loss of developmental senescence in such embryos [27,28].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Senescence is classically viewed as a stress response but can also occur in mouse and human embryos [27,28].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Finally, recent work has shown that senescence contributes also to tissue remodeling during embryonic development, 21,22”
From Senescence from G2 arrest, revisited (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“For example, developmental senescent cells express p21WAF1/Cip1 but not p16INK4a9,10, while the reverse is observed in melanocytic nevi36,37.”
From Algorithmic assessment of cellular senescence in experimental and clinical specimens (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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Citations
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Baker, D. J., Wijshake, T., Tchkonia, T., LeBrasseur, N. K., Childs, B. G., van de Sluis, B., Kirkland, J. L., & van Deursen, J. M. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10600 · Cited by 3,670 · cited 3×
“, 2007), premature aging (Baker et al., 2011; Keyes et al., 2005), fibrotic tissue (Jun and Lau, 2010; Krizhanovsky et al.”
Background
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Cited by
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Galluzzi, L., Vitale, I., Aaronson, S. A., Abrams, J. M., Adam, D., Agostinis, P., Alnemri, E. S., Altucci, L., Amelio, I., Andrews, D. W., et al. (2018) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4 · Cited by 6,680
Cellular Senescence: Defining a Path Forward
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“Furthermore, recent studies showing that senescent cells have beneficial effects in injury repair and tissue remodelling 6–10 have called into question the simplistic view of senescence as only a driver of age-dependent pathologies, raising the specter that senescent cell clearance might remove…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Storer, M., Mas, A., Robert-Moreno, A., Pecoraro, M., Ortells, M. C., Di Giacomo, V., Yosef, R., Pilpel, N., Krizhanovsky, V., Sharpe, J., & Keyes, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (ES)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Keyes, William M.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1119-1130
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976635482
- Cited by
- 1,186
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 43.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- cellular senescence, embryonic development, apical ectodermal ridge, embryonic patterning, oncogene-induced senescence, p21, p15, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, apoptosis, macrophage clearance, mesenchymal cells, signaling centers
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chick Embryo, Embryo, Mammalian, Extremities, Fibroblasts, Humans, Cellular Senescence, Apoptosis, Paracrine Communication, Embryonic Development, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15, Mice
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