Infodemics: a new challenge for public health
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 information epidemic, or "infodemic," demonstrates how unlimited access to information may confuse and influence behaviors during a health emergency. However, the study of infodemics is relatively new, and little is known about their relationship with epidemics management. Here, we discuss unresolved issues and propose research directions to enhance preparedness for future health crises.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Infodemic can influence medical decision-making on treatment or preventive measures.
“Infodemic can influence medical decision-making on treatment or preventive measures, (59, 60) for example some people used hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 based on false or unproven information, endorsed by popular and influential people (61).”
From ChatGPT and the rise of large language models: the new AI-driven infodemic threat in public health (2023) · cites this paper as [60]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The spreading of misinformation online
Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1517441113 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
Zarocostas, J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30461-x · Cited by 2,344 · see citing works
The COVID-19 social media infodemic
Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zola, P., Zollo, F., & Scala, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5 · Cited by 2,313 · see citing works
The echo chamber effect on social media
Cinelli, M., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023301118 · Cited by 2,092 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore networks of interaction, such as those underlying social media, are beyond any geographical boundary and reshape continuously around new topics with users segregating in echo chambers (where questionable information proliferates with more ease) and with recommendation algorithms that may reinforce shared nar…”
Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/2818717 · Cited by 1,973 · see citing works
Assessing the risks of ‘infodemics’ in response to COVID-19 epidemics
Gallotti, R., Valle, F., Castaldo, N., Sacco, P., & De Domenico, M. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00994-6 · Cited by 591 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At the same time, the ongoing revisions of evidence and an overabundant and changing information landscape may induce confusion for policy-makers and civil society (Gallotti et al., 2020; Tangcharoensathien et al., 2020).”
Tangcharoensathien, V., Calleja, N., Nguyen, T., Purnat, T., D’Agostino, M., Garcia-Saiso, S., Landry, M., Rashidian, A., Hamilton, C., AbdAllah, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/19659 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review
Perra, N. (2021) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.02.001 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Impact of lockdown on COVID-19 epidemic in Île-de-France and possible exit strategies
Domenico, L. D., Pullano, G., Sabbatini, C. E., Boëlle, P., & Colizza, V. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01698-4 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Roozenbeek, J., van der Linden, S., & Nygren, T. (2020) · Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · doi:10.37016//mr-2020-008 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Soveri, A., Karlsson, L. C., Antfolk, J., Lindfelt, M., & Lewandowsky, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10643-w · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Autopsy of a metaphor: The origins, use and blind spots of the ‘infodemic’
Simon, F. M., & Camargo, C. Q. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211031908 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Covid-19 Infodemic — Applying the Epidemiologic Model to Counter Misinformation
Scales, D. A., Gorman, J. M., & Jamieson, K. H. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2103798 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ruths, D. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaw1315 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ChatGPT and the rise of large language models: the new AI-driven infodemic threat in public health
De Angelis, L., Baglivo, F., Arzilli, G., Privitera, G. P., Ferragina, P., Tozzi, A. E., & Rizzo, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166120 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Conspiracy theories and social media platforms
Cinelli, M., Etta, G., Avalle, M., Quattrociocchi, A., Marco, N. D., Valensise, C. M., Galeazzi, A., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101407 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Large Language Model‐Based Chatbots in Higher Education
Yigci, D., Eryilmaz, M., Yetisen, A. K., Tasoglu, S., & Ozcan, A. (2025) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202400429 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
ChatGPT and the Rise of Large Language Models: The New AI-Driven Infodemic Threat in Public Health
De Angelis, L., Baglivo, F., Arzilli, G., Privitera, G. P., Ferragina, P., Tozzi, A. E., & Rizzo, C. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4352931 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Self-citationIshizumi, A., Kolis, J., Abad, N., Prybylski, D., Brookmeyer, K. A., Voegeli, C., Wardle, C., & Chiou, H. (2024) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00031-8 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationDid the Roll-Out of Community Notes Reduce Engagement With Misinformation on X/Twitter?
Chuai, Y., Tian, H., Pröllochs, N., & Lenzini, G. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686967 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Therapeutic strategies to address monkeypox
McCarthy, M. W. (2022) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2022.2113058 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ghazy, R. M., Abdou, M. S. M., Awaidy, S. T. A., Sallam, M., Elbarazi, I., Youssef, N. F. A., Fiidow, O. A., Mehdad, S., Hussein, M. F., Adam, M. F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912136 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wilhelm, E., Ballalai, I., Belanger, M.-E., Benjamin, P., Bertrand-Ferrandis, C., Bezbaruah, S., Briand, S. C., Brooks, I. S., Bruns, R., Bucci, L. M., et al. (2023) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/44207 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Coronavirus pandemic – 2022: Viruses, variants & vaccines
Alexandridi, M., Mazej, J., Palermo, E., & Hiscott, J. B. (2022) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.02.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Development of AI-generated medical responses using the ChatGPT for cancer patients
Lee, J. W., Yoo, I.-S., Kim, J., Kim, W. T., Jeon, H. J., Yoo, H.-S., Shin, J. G., Kim, G.-H., Hwang, S., Park, S., et al. (2024) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108302 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Blandi, L., Sabbatucci, M., Dallagiacoma, G., Alberti, F., Bertuccio, P., & Odone, A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10111822 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Li, Z., Zhao, Y., Duan, T., & Dai, J. (2023) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103303 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Semeraro, A., Vilella, S., Ruffo, G., & Stella, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18472-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Savoia, E., Harriman, N. W., Piltch-Loeb, R. N., Bonetti, M., Toffolutti, V., & Testa, M. A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10050671 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Challenges to Global Health Emerging from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Albreht, T. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15097633 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Evaluating the effect of viral posts on social media engagement
Sangiorgio, E., Marco, N. D., Etta, G., Cinelli, M., Cerqueti, R., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84960-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
van der Linden, S., Albarracín, D., Fazio, L. K., Freelon, D., Roozenbeek, J., Swire‐Thompson, B., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2023) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e506432023-001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cross-platform social dynamics: an analysis of ChatGPT and COVID-19 vaccine conversations
Alipour, S., Galeazzi, A., Sangiorgio, E., Avalle, M., Bojić, L., Cinelli, M., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53124-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ethical Considerations in Infodemic Management: Systematic Scoping Review
Germani, F., Spitale, G., Machiri, S. V., Ho, C. W.-L., Ballalai, I., Biller‐Andorno, N., & Reis, A. A. (2024) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/56307 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Boender, S., Schneider, P., Houareau, B. C., Wehrli, S., Purnat, M. T. D., Ishizumi, M. A., Msc, M., Voegeli, C., Mph, P., Leuker, D. H. M. C., et al. (2022) · JMIR infodemiology · doi:10.2196/43646 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Quality of Evidence of and Engagement With Video Medical Claims
Kang, E., Lee, H., Choi, J., & Ju, H. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.52106 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Stella, M., Vitevitch, M. S., & Botta, F. (2022) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc6020052 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Characterizing engagement dynamics across topics on Facebook
Etta, G., Sangiorgio, E., Marco, N. D., Avalle, M., Antonio Scala, A., Cinelli, M., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286150 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, S., & Singh, A. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1560936 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Marcotrigiano, V., Pattavina, F., Blangiardi, L., Salerno, G., Dalena, A., Bianco, F. D., Fant, M. D., Fabbro, A., Forgiarini, M., Lanzilotti, C., et al. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10101906 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chiu, N., Lo, K.-H., Chen, C.-C., Huang, S.-Y., Weng, S., Wang, C.-J., Kuo, H., Chi, H., Lien, C.-H., Tai, Y., et al. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2071079 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Epidemiological methods in transition: Minimizing biases in classical and digital approaches
Mesquita, S., Perfeito, L., Paolotti, D., & Gonçalves-Sá, J. (2025) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000670 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Understanding the complex links between social media and health behaviour
Zollo, F., Baronchelli, A., Betsch, C., Delmastro, M., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2024) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075645 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Martínez, M., Zabaleta‐del‐Olmo, E., Durán, E. L. G., Reñé, A., & Cabezas, C. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.02.017 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Exploring the vaccine conversation on TikTok in Italy: beyond classic vaccine stances
Parisi, L., Mulargia, S., Comunello, F., Bernardini, V., Bussoletti, A., Nisi, C. R., Russo, L., Campagna, I., Lanfranchi, B., Croci, I., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15748-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Analyzing the changing landscape of the Covid-19 vaccine debate on Twitter
Santoro, A., Galeazzi, A., Scantamburlo, T., Baronchelli, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Zollo, F. (2023) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-023-01127-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chioléro, A., Tancredi, S., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2023) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-023-01049-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
COVID-19 infodemic on Facebook and containment measures in Italy, United Kingdom and New Zealand
Etta, G., Galeazzi, A., Hutchings, J. R., Smith, C. S. J., Conti, M., Quattrociocchi, W., & Riva, G. V. D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267022 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Impact de la COVID-19 sur la santé publique en Afrique subsaharienne
Chippaux, J. (2023) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2022.10.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Trust, Information and Vaccine Confidence in Crisis Settings: A Scoping Review
Dwyer, H., Enria, L., Palmer, J. J., Ayub, S., & Beckmann, N. (2025) · Public Health Challenges · doi:10.1002/puh2.70073 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Infodemic: Challenges and solutions in topic discovery and data process
Zhang, J., Pan, Y., Lin, H., Sun, Z., Wu, P., & Tu, J. (2023) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-023-01179-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
COVID-19 impacts on healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview
Chippaux, J. (2023) · The Journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · doi:10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Savoia, E., Harriman, N. W., Piltch-Loeb, R. N., Bonetti, M., Toffolutti, V., & Testa, M. A. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0283.v1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Amiri, M., Yaghtin, M., & Sotudeh, H. (2023) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-023-04871-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Detecting coordinated and bot-like behavior in Twitter: the Jürgen Conings case
Clerck, B. D., Toledano, J. C. F., Utterbeeck, F. V., & Rocha, L. E. C. (2024) · EPJ Data Science · doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00477-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emerging global patterns of COVID-19 vaccine information fatigue in 23 countries in 2023
White, T. M., Lazarus, J. V., Rabin, K. H., Ratzan, S. C., & El-Mohandes, A. A. E. (2024) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126475 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fighting Fire or Fighting War: Examining the Framing Effects of COVID-19 Metaphors
Tao, R., Kim, S. J., Lu, L., Kang, J.-W., & McLeod, D. M. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2253398 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bouloukaki, I., Christodoulakis, A., Papageorgakopoulou, S., & Tsiligianni, I. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12040414 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Followers do not dictate the virality of news outlets on social media
Sangiorgio, E., Cinelli, M., Cerqueti, R., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae257 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reliability of News and Toxicity in Twitter Conversations
Quattrociocchi, A., Etta, G., Avalle, M., Cinelli, M., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19097-1_15 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Advocating for a community-centred model for responding to potential information harms
Wardle, C., & Scales, D. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02233-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dynamical intervention planning against COVID-19-like epidemics
Oliva, G., Schlueter, M., Munetomo, M., & Antonio Scala, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269830 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Endemic infectious states below the epidemic threshold and beyond herd immunity
Aguilar, J., García, B. A., Toral, R., Meloni, S., & Ramasco, J. J. (2023) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-023-01302-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Álvarez‐Gálvez, J., Lagares, C., Ortega‐Martin, E., Sola, H. D., Rojas‐García, A., Sanz‐Marcos, P., Barrios, J. A., Kassianos, A. P., Montagni, I., Camacho-García, M., et al. (2025) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/69945 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chaufan, C., Hemsing, N., Heredia, C., & McDonald, J. L. (2024) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid4090101 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zaidi, S.-A., Qayyum, H. A., Qayyum, I. A., Khan, Z., Islam, T., Ahmed, N., Hopkins, K. L., Sommers, T., Akhtar, S., Khan, S. A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1420291 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, Z., Zhao, Y., Du, X., Wang, S., Ma, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Scales, D. A., Hurth, L., Xi, W., Gorman, S. E., Radhakrishnan, M., Windham, S., Akunne, A., Florman, J., Leininger, L. J., & Gorman, J. M. (2023) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/50138 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Benis, A., Haghi, M., Tamburis, O., Darmoni, S. J., Julien Grosjean, A., & Deserno, T. M. (2023) · Yearbook of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1768742 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Iskandar, K., Rahme, D., Salameh, P., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Bahlol, M., Darwish, R. M., Khatib, S. E., Safwan, J., Sakr, F., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1342490 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Infodemic Versus Viral Information Spread: Key Differences and Open Challenges
Cinelli, M., & Gesualdo, F. (2025) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/57455 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
U.S. trust in physicians as key public health messengers during the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak
Piltch-Loeb, R. N., Gibbs, S. G., Lowe, J. J., Gorman, S. E., Wyka, K., White, T. M., & El-Mohandes, A. A. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-12304-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kolis, J., Brookmeyer, K. A., Chuvileva, Y. E., Voegeli, C., Juma, S., Ishizumi, A., Renfro, K. J., Wilhelm, E., Tice, H., Fogarty, H., et al. (2024) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/51909 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Complex systems for the most vulnerable
Omodei, E., García–Herranz, M., Paolotti, D., & Tizzoni, M. (2022) · Journal of Physics Complexity · doi:10.1088/2632-072x/ac60b1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dynamics of COVID-19 models with asymptomatic infections and quarantine measuresPreprint
Guo, S., Xue, Y., Li, X., & Zheng, Z. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2291574/v1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Trust and the infodemic: reframing information threats in the realm of public health
Dwyer, H., Enria, L., Beckmann, N., & Leask, J. (2025) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2025.2535084 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jordan, S., Böttger, S. J., & Zinn, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333268 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Digital Strategy and Social Media for Infectious Diseases
Marcelin, J. R., del Rı́o, C., Spec, A., & Swartz, T. H. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac046 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How big of an impact do asymptomatic people have on the dynamics of an epidemic?
Hossain, M. B., M．A．, M., Sikder, A. K., & Islam, M. H. (2023) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals X · doi:10.1016/j.csfx.2023.100093 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mapping the global election landscape on social media in 2024
Pecile, G., Marco, N. D., Cinelli, M., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316271 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
COVID-19 misinformation and healthcare workers: A scoping review
Holzer, H., Diviani, N., & Rubinelli, S. (2025) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2025.109309 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How infodemic intoxicates public health surveillance: from a big to a slow data culture
Chioléro, A. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2021-216584 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wirtz, M. A., Dresch, C., Heiberger, A., & Schulz, A. A. (2022) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000295 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dunn, A. G., Purnat, T. D., Ishizumi, A., Nguyen, T., & Briand, S. C. (2023) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-023-01101-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
S.A.R.A.H. and the decline of trust in health information: a case study
Germani, F., Spitale, G., & Biller‐Andorno, N. (2025) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2025.101032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Murakawa, S., & Ueda, I. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03669-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zollo, S., Sangiorgio, E., Etta, G., Marco, N. D., Cinelli, M., Cerqueti, R., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2026) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124668 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bucci, L. M., Lamprianou, S., Gesualdo, F., Tozzi, A. E., Ghalayini, T., Sahinovic, I., & Pal, S. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1248949 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Infodemic Management and Government Disinformation: The Brazilian Experience
Ballalai, I., & Lins, R. S. (2025) · Asian Bioethics Review · doi:10.1007/s41649-024-00353-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Health-Related Infodemic Perception among Nursing and Non-Nursing Students: A Comparative Study
Ahmed, F. M., & Atia, N. S. (2023) · Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal · doi:10.21608/tsnj.2023.307376 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Longobardi, G., Brunelli, L., Piciocchi, B., Morsanutto, A., Iob, A., Schiava, F., Pancino, C., Degrassi, L., Tonutti, G., Brusaferro, S., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12030331 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lugli, C., Ferrari, E., Filippini, T., Grignolio, A., Odone, A., Vinceti, M., Righi, E., & Palandri, L. (2024) · Population Medicine · doi:10.18332/popmed/191254 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Çağlayan, S., & Taşoğlu, N. P. (2024) · Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1523496 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhi, H., Wu, C., & Sacco, P. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1251503 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hébert‐Dufresne, L., Ahn, Y., Allard, A., Colizza, V., Crothers, J. W., Dodds, P. S., Galesic, M., Ghanbarnejad, F., Gravel, D., Hammond, R. A., et al. (2025) · npj Complexity · doi:10.1038/s44260-025-00050-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Roth, A. J. L., Lowy, J. A., & Matsoukas, K. (2024) · Psychiatry update · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48557-2_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modelling and predicting online vaccination views using bow-tie decomposition
Han, Y., Bazzi, M., & Turrini, P. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.231792 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Okuhara, T., Terada, M., Okada, H., & Kiuchi, T. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/58040 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The future of public health after the pandemic. A window of opportunity
Peiró, S. (2023) · Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra · doi:10.23938/assn.1045 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
27 A Global Framework for Research Preparedness and Response
Lurie, N., & Keusch, G. T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48408-7_40 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hidalgo, P. J. J., Ruíz-Núñez, C., Jiménez-Gómez, B., Segado-Fernández, S., Romero-Magdalena, C. S., López‐Espuela, F., & Herrera‐Peco, I. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13100557 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Okuhara, T., Terada, M., Okada, H., Yokota, R., & Kiuchi, T. (2025) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/66524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Estimating behavioural relaxation induced by COVID-19 vaccines in the first months of their rollout
Li, Y., Gozzi, N., & Perra, N. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013266 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lifanova, T. Y., Lifanov, S. A., & Verevkin, A. V. (2025) · RUDN Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.22363/2313-2302-2025-29-2-381-397 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tourneau, N. L., Sharma, A., Pry, J. M., Haambokoma, M., Shamoya, B., Sikombe, K., Simbeza, S., Zulu, N., Geng, E. H., Eshun‐Wilson, I., et al. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Institutional Health Communication in the Information Age
Rubinelli, S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009379984 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Climate polarization is increasing on Twitter
(2022) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01533-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Detecting fake news using machine learning and reasoning in Description Logics
Groza, A. P. (2022) · Complexity in Engineering (COMPENG) · doi:10.1109/compeng50184.2022.9905431 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Iskandar, K., Hallit, S. R., Haddad, C., Irfan, M., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Jabeen, R., Cherfane, M., Makhoul, E., Akel, M., Khatib, S. E., et al. (2023) · Pharmacy Education · doi:10.46542/pe.2023.231.676692 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Brooks, H. Z., & Porter, M. A. (2025) · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science · doi:10.1063/5.0206431 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Should we be Afraid of an Infodemic?
Seytre, B. (2025) · Health Behavior Research · doi:10.4148/2572-1836.1353 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Data do not speak by themselves but will help end the pandemic
Chioléro, A. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.o161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Navigating the Herd Immunity Surface: A Novel Framework for Optimising Epidemic Response StrategiesPreprint
Oliva, G., Bonfigli, S., Cavallo, P., & Antonio Scala, A. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/tku022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Patterns, Models, and Challenges in Online Social Media: A SurveyPreprint
Marco, A. D., Bonetti, A., Martino, E. D., Loru, E., Nudo, J., Pandolfo, M. E., Pecile, G., Sangiorgio, E., Scalco, I., Zollo, S., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5355426 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Briand, S. C., Cinelli, M., Nguyen, T., Lewis, R., Prybylski, D., Valensise, C. M., Colizza, V., Tozzi, A. E., Perra, N., Baronchelli, A., Tizzoni, M., Zollo, F., Scala, A., Purnat, T., Czerniak, C., Kucharski, A. J., Tshangela, A., Zhou, L., & Quattrociocchi, W.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice (IT)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi (IT)
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IT)
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- City, University of London (GB)
- Institute for Scientific Interchange (IT)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (ET)
- Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention (CN)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Quattrociocchi, Walter
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 6010-6014
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8656270
- OpenAlex
- W4200373446
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 23
- FWCI
- 28.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 373 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion)
- ARCA (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Fondazione CRT
- Wellcome Trust (206250/Z/17/Z)
- Institute for Scientific Interchange
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Keywords
- infodemic, COVID-19 pandemic, health misinformation, health emergency preparedness, epidemic control, public health communication, health behavior
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Infodemic, Humans, Public Health, Research, Information Dissemination, Epidemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
