Quantification methods for chloride binding in Portland cement and limestone systems

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The AFm phase in Portland cement

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Deterioration of concrete due to reinforcement steel corrosion

Cabrera, J. G. (1996) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/0958-9465(95)00043-7 · Cited by 681

Impact of chloride on the mineralogy of hydrated Portland cement systems

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Densification of C–S–H Measured by 1 H NMR Relaxometry

Müller, A., Scrivener, K. L., Gajewicz-Jaromin, A. M., & McDonald, P. J. (2012) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp3102964 · Cited by 517

Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: A state-of-the-art review

Sharma, M., Bishnoi, S., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2021) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564 · Cited by 694

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edxia: Microstructure characterisation from quantified SEM-EDS hypermaps

Georget, F., Wilson, W., & Scrivener, K. L. (2020) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106327 · Cited by 259

Stability of hemicarbonate under cement paste-like conditions

Georget, F., Lothenbach, B., Wilson, W., Zunino, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2022) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106692 · Cited by 179

Insights on chemical and physical chloride binding in blended cement pastes

Wilson, W., Gonthier, J., Georget, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2022) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106747 · Cited by 146

Chloride binding in Portland composite cements containing metakaolin and silica fume

Babaahmadi, A., Machner, A., Kunther, W., Figueira, J., Hemstad, P., & De Weerdt, K. (2022) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106924 · Cited by 130

The effect of artificial leaching with HCl on chloride binding in ordinary Portland cement paste

Hemstad, P., Machner, A., & WEERDT, K. D. (2020) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.105976 · Cited by 111

Limestone Calcined Clay Cements (LC3)

Sommariva, F. Z., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2021) · ACI Materials Journal · doi:10.14359/51730422 · Cited by 110

Employing novel N-doped graphene quantum dots to improve chloride binding of cement

He, H., Shuang, E., Wen, T., Yao, J., Wang, X., He, C., & Yu, Y. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132944 · Cited by 99

Phase changes in cementitious materials exposed to saline solutions

WEERDT, K. D., Bernard, E., Kunther, W., Pedersen, M. T., & Lothenbach, B. (2023) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.107071 · Cited by 89

A time-dependent chloride diffusion model for predicting initial corrosion time of reinforced concrete with slag addition

Li, C., Song, X., & Jiang, L. (2021) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106455 · Cited by 86

Unravelling chloride transport/microstructure relationships for blended-cement pastes with the mini-migration method

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Carbon dioxide sequestration in cementitious materials: A review of techniques, material performance, and environmental impact

Ahmed, O., Ahmad, S., & Adekunle, S. K. (2024) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2024.102812 · Cited by 87

Chloride profiles – What do they tell us and how should they be used?

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Experiment and simulation of chloride ion transport and binding in concrete under the coupling of diffusion and convection

Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Liu, C., Jiang, J., & Li, H. (2021) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103610 · Cited by 63

Chloride-binding capacity of cement-GGBFS-nanosilica composites under seawater chloride-rich environment

Qu, F., Li, W., Guo, Y., Zhang, S. S., Zhou, J. L., & Wang, K. (2022) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127890 · Cited by 62

Chloride binding behaviors and early age hydration of tricalcium aluminate in chloride-containing solutions

Ming, X., Li, Y., Liu, Q., Wang, M., Cai, Y., Chen, B., & Li, Z. (2023) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.104928 · Cited by 62

Study on the effect of chloride ion ingress on the pore structure of the attached mortar of recycled concrete coarse aggregate

Liu, H., Liu, C., Bai, G., & Zhu, C. (2020) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120123 · Cited by 59

Analyzing the filler and activity effect of fly ash and slag on the early hydration of blended cement based on calorimetric test

Wu, M. X., Sui, S., Zhang, Y., Jia, Y., She, W., Liu, Z., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122201 · Cited by 59

Chloride binding in concrete: recent investigations and recognised knowledge gaps: RILEM Robert L’Hermite Medal Paper 2021

De Weerdt, K. (2021) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-021-01793-9 · Cited by 57

Chloride permeability and chloride binding capacity of nano-modified concrete

Li, C. (2021) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102419 · Cited by 57

New findings on the contribution of Mg-Al-NO3 layered double hydroxides to the hydration and chloride binding capacity of cement pastes

Yazdi, M. A., Gruyaert, E., Tittelboom, K. V., & Belie, N. D. (2022) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.107037 · Cited by 56

Advances in imaging, scattering, spectroscopy, and machine learning-aided approaches for multiscale characterization of cementitious systems

Qoku, E., Xu, K., Li, J., Monteiro, P. J. M., & Kurtis, K. E. (2023) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107335 · Cited by 59

Rheology, durability, and mechanical performance of sustainable self-compacting concrete with metakaolin and limestone filler

López, G. R., González-Fonteboa, B., Martínez‐Abella, F., & González-Taboada, I. (2022) · Case Studies in Construction Materials · doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01143 · Cited by 52

Phase and microstructure evolutions in LC3 binders by multi-technique approach including synchrotron microtomography

Bernal, I. M. R., Shirani, S., Cuesta, A., Santacruz, I., & Aranda, M. Á. G. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124054 · Cited by 53

Capillary rise height of sulfate in Portland-limestone cement concrete under physical attack: Experimental and modelling investigation

Zhang, Z., Zou, Y., Yang, J., & Zhou, J. (2021) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104299 · Cited by 46

Durability assessment of LC3-based reinforced concrete under combined chloride-sulfate environment via the EIS technique

Ejbouh, A., Ech-chebab, A., Hassi, S., Galai, M., Benqlilou, H., & Touhami, M. E. (2022) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.130194 · Cited by 44

Determination of free chloride in seawater cement paste with low water-binder ratio

Zhao, Y., Hu, X., Shi, C., Yuan, Q., & Zhu, D. (2021) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104217 · Cited by 43

Optimizing the concentration of Na2O in alkaline activators to improve mechanical properties and reduce costs and CO2 emissions in alkali-activated mixtures

de Lima, V. M. E., Basto, P. D. A., Henrique, M. A., de Almeida, Y. M. B., & Neto, A. A. M. (2022) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128185 · Cited by 43

Chloride binding and diffusion of slag blended concrete mixtures

Mapa, D. G., Zhu, H., Nosouhian, F., Shanahan, N., Riding, K. A., & Zayed, A. M. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131584 · Cited by 43

An investigation on the formation of Friedel’s salt in tricalcium silicate combined with metakaolin and limestone systems

Sui, S., Wu, M. X., Yang, Z., Wang, F., Liu, Z., & Jiang, J. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122855 · Cited by 40

Chloride binding mechanism and free chloride reduction method of alkali-activated slag/fly ash mixed with seawater

Huang, Z., Guo, M., Zhou, Y., Wang, T., Fang, Y., Sui, L., & Gong, G. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134079 · Cited by 36

A Review of Principles, Analytical Methods, and Applications of SEM‐EDS in Cementitious Materials Characterization

Li, L., Mao, L.-X., & Yang, J. (2024) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202401175 · Cited by 36

Impact of chloride intrusion on the pore structure of recycled aggregate concrete based on the recycled aggregate porous interface

Liu, H., Liu, C., Bai, G., & Zhu, C. (2020) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120397 · Cited by 35

The meta-kaolinite content of the calcined clay source impacts the mechanical and durability performance of blended Portland concrete

Dhandapani, Y., Subramanian, K. K., Kanavaris, F., Black, L., & Bernal, S. A. (2025) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2025.107922 · Cited by 39

Relationship between the composition and hydration-microstructure-mechanical properties of cement-metakaolin-limestone ternary system

Drissi, S., Shi, C., Li, N., Liu, Y., Liu, J., & He, P. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124175 · Cited by 34

Properties of (Al, Fe)-ettringite solid solution: Experiment, atomic simulation, and thermodynamics modeling

Zhong, H., Yang, L., & Wang, F. (2024) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107556 · Cited by 31

A critical catalogue of SEM‐EDS multispectral maps analysis methods and their application to hydrated cementitious materials

Georget, F., Schmatz, J., Wellmann, E., & Matschei, T. (2023) · Journal of Microscopy · doi:10.1111/jmi.13245 · Cited by 30

Influence of carbonation on chloride binding of mortars made with simulated marine sand

Sun, M., Sun, C., Zhang, P., Liu, N., Li, Y., Duan, J., & Hou, B. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124455 · Cited by 30

Sustainability-driven atomistic model for exploring the mechanical properties of low carbon limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)

Yin, B., Li, G., Zhang, Y., & Liew, K. M. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137394 · Cited by 30

Effect of water-based nanoclay and ambient temperature on rheological properties of UHPC pastes

Du, J. H., Guo, P., & Meng, W. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130733 · Cited by 29

Chloride binding of cement paste containing wet carbonated recycled concrete fines

Mao, Y., Shi, Z., Hu, X., Khaskhoussi, A., & Shi, C. (2025) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2025.107823 · Cited by 28

Performance of cementitious systems containing calcined clay in a chloride-rich environment: a review by TC-282 CCL

Dhandapani, Y., Machner, A., Wilson, W., Kunther, W., Afroz, S., Kim, T., Sommariva, F. Z., Joseph, S., Kanavaris, F., Castel, A., et al. (2024) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-024-02426-7 · Cited by 27

Effect of carbonation curing on distribution and binding capacity of chloride ions in cement pastes

Sun, M., Sun, C., Zhang, Y., Geng, Y., Fan, L., Liu, N., Zhang, P., Duan, J., & Hou, B. (2023) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106506 · Cited by 24

The chloride binding capacity and stability of gap-graded blended cement with calcined hydrotalcite and metakaolin

Guo, Y., Zhang, T., Du, J., Tian, W., Wang, A., Wei, J., & Yu, Q. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104093 · Cited by 23

Effect of electric field intensity on chloride binding capacity of concrete

Zhu, X., Peng, W., Xiao, C., Ma, L., & Hou, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.02.097 · Cited by 23

Effects of pore structure and chloride binding capacity on chloride diffusion in limestone cement paste

Jiang, Z., Yingjie, P., Wan-Wendner, L., Fu, C., Wang, Y., & Long, W.-J. (2024) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136854 · Cited by 22

Insight into the mechanism of sulfate and magnesium ions on chloride diffusion and phase assemblage in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)

Cheng, S., Chen, K., Chen, X., Zuo, Y., & Lu, J. (2025) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106147 · Cited by 22

Chloride Binding Capacity and Its Effect on the Microstructure of Mortar Made with Marine Sand

Sun, C., Sun, M., Tao, T., Qu, F., Wang, G., Zhang, P., Li, Y., & Duan, J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13084169 · Cited by 22

Mechanism of strength evolution of seawater OPC pastes

Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Zheng, H., Cai, Y., Lam, W. L., & Poon, C. S. (2021) · Advances in Structural Engineering · doi:10.1177/1369433221993299 · Cited by 21

Effect of the prepared barium@hydrogel capsule on chloride ion binding of Portland cement paste

Liu, X., Tan, H., Ma, B., Luo, Z., Lv, Z., Chen, P., & Zhang, T. (2022) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110314 · Cited by 21

Chloride diffusion and binding in concrete containing NO2 sequestered recycled concrete aggregates (NRCAs)

Ariyachandra, E., Peethamparan, S., Patel, S., & Orlov, A. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123328 · Cited by 19

CALTRANS: Impact of the Use of Portland-Limestone Cement on Concrete Performance as Plain or Reinforced Material

Bharadwaj, K., Chopperla, K. S. T., Choudhary, A., Glosser, D., Ghantous, R. M., Vasudevan, G. D., Ideker, J. H., Isgor, O. B., Trejo, D., & Weiss, J. (2021) · Oregon State University · doi:10.5399/osu/1150 · Cited by 19

An investigation of the source of calcium carbonate from the carbonated Portland cement: Based on the transformation of hydrates

Wu, M. X., Long, H., Zhu, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Liu, Z., She, W., & Shi, J. (2024) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136027 · Cited by 18

The self-healing performance and mechanism of limestone calcined clay composites coupling with crystalline admixture in chloride-rich environments

Huang, G., Liu, Y., Benn, T., Ataabadi, H. S., & Zhuge, Y. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140097 · Cited by 18

Effect of slag on the hydration mechanism of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)

Guo, L., Liu, J., Xi, Y., Cheng, H., & Chen, D. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141357 · Cited by 18

MSW pyrolysis volatiles’ reforming by incineration fly ash for both pyrolysis products upgrading and fly ash stabilization

Tang, Y., Chen, D., Feng, Y., Hu, Y., Yin, L., Qian, K., Yuan, G., & Zhang, R. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137536 · Cited by 18

Effect of nucleation seeding and triisopropanolamine on the compressive strength, chloride binding capacity and microstructure of cement paste

Tian, L., Dai, S., Xiao, Y., Zhu, H., Wu, Q., Liu, Z., & Cheng, S. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104382 · Cited by 18

Factors affecting free chloride contents of hardened cement paste with a low water-to-binder ratio determined by rapid water extraction

Zhao, Y., Hu, X., Li, H., Tavio, T., & Shi, C. (2024) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105491 · Cited by 17

Resistance of Concretes to External Chlorides in the Presence and Absence of Sulphates: A Review

Ukpata, J. O., Ogirigbo, O. R., & Black, L. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13010182 · Cited by 17

Development and verification of an integrated hydration, geochemical and transport model for the hydrated cement paste exposed to an aggressive chemical environment

Krishnya, S., Kopitha, K., Yoda, Y., Kitagaki, R., & Elakneswaran, Y. (2023) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105374 · Cited by 17

Effects of highly dispersed LDH nano-platelets on chloride binding and corrosion protection of cementitious materials

Yu, Q., Ming, X., Wang, Y., Sun, L. H., Cui, M., & Sun, G. (2025) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106178 · Cited by 16

Monitoring the effect of MgO expansive additive on micromechanical properties of cementitious materials using a combined method of EDS-nanoindentation

Ding, S., Hu, Z., Geng, Z., Liu, J., & Xu, W. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134589 · Cited by 16

Investigation of chloride penetration in carbonated reactive magnesia cement mixes exposed to cyclic wetting–drying

Kumar, S., Yang, E., & Unluer, C. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122837 · Cited by 16

Quantification of Chlorides and Sulphates on Concrete Surfaces Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence. Optimization of the Measurement Method Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Chinchón-Payá, S., Torres, J., Toledo, A. S., & Sánchez-Montero, J. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14247892 · Cited by 16

Degradation of alkali-activated slag pastes exposed to high-concentration chloride, sulfate and magnesium multi-salt solutions

Liu, L., Chen, X., Pang, K., Neupane, A., Xie, L., & Shen, D. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140182 · Cited by 15

The role of chloride binding mechanism in the interpretation of chloride profiles in concrete containing limestone powder

Li, C., & Jiang, L. (2022) · Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials · doi:10.1080/21650373.2021.2010243 · Cited by 15

Assessment of the durability and environmental impact of seawater-activated portlandite-calcined clay binder

Tahsin, A., Siddique, S., Ashraf, W., & Sattler, M. (2023) · Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials · doi:10.1080/21650373.2023.2243480 · Cited by 15

Macro and micro properties of the cement-based material mixed with coral powder and GGBFS under seawater condition

Yu, Z., Long, Y., Wang, H., Nie, R., & Shen, X. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133279 · Cited by 15

A novel strategy to improve the early age strength of high-volume fly ash cement pastes: The combination of seawater and calcined layered double hydroxides as an innovative chemical activator

Liu, J., Gao, X., Chen, T., Sun, M., Ou, Y., & Ji, X. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141038 · Cited by 15

Combined effects of carbonation and salt solution on chloride desorption, pH, and composition of fly ash blended pastes

Teymouri, M., & Atadero, R. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110821 · Cited by 14

The role of hydrotalcite in the chloride binding of hydrated C3A pastes containing dolomite

Guo, M., Wang, Z., Xiao, J., Chen, D., & Lv, Z. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132975 · Cited by 13

Microstructure, Hydration, and Chloride Binding Behavior of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Prepared Using Seawater

Shi, C., Yin, J. L., & Hu, C. (2023) · Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-15838 · Cited by 13

Study on the Binding Behavior of Chloride Ion and Ettringite in Nano-Metakaolin Cement by Seawater Mixing and Curing Temperatures

Fang, Z., Zhang, S., Qi, W., Fan, Y., Shah, S. P., & Zheng, J. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17163943 · Cited by 12

Unveiling the role of LC3 in chloride penetration resistance of chloride contaminated mortar

Zhou, Y., Zhang, C., Zhou, Q., Guo, M., & Hu, R. (2024) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139658 · Cited by 12

Experimental study on road piezoelectric energy harvesters' power generation performance under erosive environments

Ye, F., Wang, J., Liu, Z., Hu, X., & Lin, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.8713 · Cited by 12

Insights into improved chloride resistance of carbon steel in Portland cement blended with belitic calcium sulfoaluminate cement

Geng, Z. T., Bi, X., & Shi, J. (2025) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106327 · Cited by 11

Performance of a Single Source of Low-Grade Clay in a Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Mortar

Boakye, K. A., Khorami, M., Saıdanı, M., Ganjian, E., Tyrer, M., & Dunster, A. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14010093 · Cited by 11

Measuring chloride binding in cementitious materials: A review by RILEM TC 298-EBD

Georget, F., Babaahmadi, A., Machner, A., Mrak, M., Dolenec, S., Xiong, Q. X., Shiju, J., Snoeck, D., Suraneni, P., & Wilson, W. (2025) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-025-02802-x · Cited by 10

Influence of Sodium Chloride on the Hydration of C3s Blended Paste

Sui, S., Wang, F., Wu, M. X., Li, S., Liu, Z., Gao, S., & Jiang, J. (2022) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130543 · Cited by 8

Effect of Low-Grade Calcined Clay on the Durability Performance of Blended Cement Mortar

Boakye, K. A., & Khorami, M. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15071159 · Cited by 7

New S-g-C3N4 based photocatalytic mortar with long-term photocatalytic performance by constructing three-dimensional structure Mg-Al layered double hydroxides

Xu, J., Yang, Z., Lu, L. N., Wang, W., Briseghella, B., & Marano, G. C. (2024) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137199 · Cited by 7

Effect of chloride binding behavior of cement hydration products on chloride critical value of steel corrosion in the presence of Na+ and Ca2+

Sun, M., Sun, C., Liu, X., Pan, Z., Duan, J., & Hou, B. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109985 · Cited by 6

Electromigration of Chloride Ions in Cementitious Material: Extension of Nernst–Planck Theory

Zhu, X., Hao, Y., Wang, J., & Xiao, C. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15183429 · Cited by 5

X-ray Diffraction-Based Quantification of Amorphous Phase in Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag

Reddy, K. C., & Subramaniam, K. V. L. (2021) · Advances in Civil Engineering Materials · doi:10.1520/acem20200167 · Cited by 5

Chloride-binding capacity of mortars composed of marine sand subjected to external chloride penetration

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