Chloride binding in Portland composite cements containing metakaolin and silica fume
Open accessAbstract
This paper investigates how the composition of Portland composite cements affects their chloride-binding properties. Hydrated cement pastes prepared with a reference Portland cement and composite Portland cements containing metakaolin and/or silica fume were exposed to NaCl or CaCl2 solutions. Chloride-binding isotherms were determined and the hydrate assemblage was investigated using TGA, XRD, 27Al NMR, 29Si NMR and thermodynamic modelling. Compared to the reference Portland cement paste, silica fume replacement did not alter the chloride-binding capacity. The metakaolin replacement resulted in the highest chloride-binding capacity. When combining silica fume with metakaolin, the chloride binding is similar to the reference Portland cement. In this study the differences in chloride binding were linked not only to changes in the AFm content, but also to alterations in the Al-uptake and chain length of the C(-A)-S-H.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chloride binding in blended binder systems involves both chemical reactions and physical sorption, and these mechanisms should be considered with transport properties.
“Recent studies have emphasized that chloride binding in blended binder systems involves both chemical reactions and physical sorption, and that these mechanisms should be considered with transport properties [7, 20-24].”
From Mechanical Properties and Chloride Penetration Resistance of Low-Carbon Concrete with Blended Binder Systems (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
Cites
1 retracted
Kalinichev, A. G., Wang, J., & Kirkpatrick, R. J. (2006) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.07.004 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
RetractedSupplementary cementitious materials
Lothenbach, B., Scrivener, K., & Hooton, R. D. (2011) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001 · Cited by 3,406 · see citing works
A Practical Guide to Microstructural Analysis of Cementitious Materials
Scrivener, K. L., Snellings, R., & Lothenbach, B. (2016) · doi:10.1201/b19074 · Cited by 2,136 · see citing works
Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2” cements
Gartner, E. M. (2004) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.01.021 · Cited by 2,027 · see citing works
An Improved Broadband Decoupling Sequence for Liquid Crystals and Solids
Fung, B. M., Khitrin, A. K., & Ermolaev, K. (2000) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1006/jmre.1999.1896 · Cited by 1,988 · see citing works
Hydration mechanisms of ternary Portland cements containing limestone powder and fly ash
WEERDT, K. D., Haha, M. B., Saoût, G. L., Kjellsen, K. O., Justnes, H., & Lothenbach, B. (2010) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.014 · Cited by 1,458 · see citing works
Lothenbach, B., Kulik, D. A., Matschei, T., Balonis, M., Baquerizo, L., Dilnesa, B., Miron, G. D., & Myers, R. J. (2019) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.04.018 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cement blends
Skibsted, J., & Snellings, R. (2019) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105799 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Kulik, D. A., Wagner, T., Dmytrieva, S. V., Kosakowski, G., Hingerl, F. F., Chudnenko, K. V., & Berner, U. R. (2012) · Computational Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s10596-012-9310-6 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
The AFm phase in Portland cement
Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., & Glasser, F. P. (2006) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.010 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment – A review
Yuan, Q., Shi, C., Schutter, G. D., Audenaert, K., & Deng, D. (2008) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.004 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Chloride binding capacity and binding isotherms of OPC pastes and mortars
Luping, T., & Nilsson, L. (1993) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(93)90089-r · Cited by 785 · see citing works
The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on chloride binding in hardened cement paste
Thomas, M. D. A., Hooton, R. D., Scott, A., & Zibara, H. (2012) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.001 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Wagner, T., Kulik, D. A., Hingerl, F. F., & Dmytrieva, S. V. (2012) · The Canadian Mineralogist · doi:10.3749/canmin.50.5.1173 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
The pore solution of blended cements: a review
Vollpracht, A., Lothenbach, B., Snellings, R., et al. (2015) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-015-0724-1 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Impact of chloride on the mineralogy of hydrated Portland cement systems
Balonis, M., Lothenbach, B., Saoût, G. L., & Glasser, F. P. (2010) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.03.002 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Richardson, I. G., Brough, A. R., Groves, G. W., & Dobson, C. M. (1994) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(94)90002-7 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Shi, Z., Geiker, M. R., Lothenbach, B., WEERDT, K. D., Ferreiro, S., Enemark‐Rasmussen, K., & Skibsted, J. (2017) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.01.002 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Chloride binding related to hydration products
Florea, M. V. A., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2011) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.09.016 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Andersen, M. D., Jakobsen, H. J., & Skibsted, J. (2006) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.04.010 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Factors influencing chloride-binding in concrete
Arya, C., Buenfeld, N. R., & Newman, J. B. (1990) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(90)90083-a · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Improving the structural consistency of C-S-H solid solution thermodynamic models
Kulik, D. A. (2011) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.012 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Role of calcium on chloride binding in hydrated Portland cement–metakaolin–limestone blends
Shi, Z., Geiker, M. R., WEERDT, K. D., Østnor, T. A., Lothenbach, B., Winnefeld, F., & Skibsted, J. (2017) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.003 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Maraghechi, H., Avet, F., Wong, H. S., Kazemi-Kamyab, H., & Scrivener, K. L. (2018) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-018-1255-3 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Interaction of chloride and CSH
Beaudoin, J. J., Ramachandran, V. S., & Feldman, R. F. (1990) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(90)90049-4 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Chloride binding in GGBS concrete
Dhir, R. K., El-Mohr, M. A. K., & Dyer, T. D. (1996) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(96)00180-9 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Impact of the associated cation on chloride binding of Portland cement paste
WEERDT, K. D., Colombo, A., Coppola, L., Justnes, H., & Geiker, M. R. (2014) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.01.027 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The impact of sulphate and magnesium on chloride binding in Portland cement paste
WEERDT, K. D., Orsáková, D., & Geiker, M. R. (2014) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.07.007 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Müller, A., Scrivener, K. L., Skibsted, J., et al. (2015) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.005 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Friedel's salt formation in sulfoaluminate cements: A combined XRD and 27Al MAS NMR study
Paul, G., Boccaleri, E., Buzzi, L., Canonico, F., & Gastaldi, D. (2014) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.08.004 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Chloride Binding Capacity of Various Hydrated Cement Paste Systems
Delagrave, A., Marchand, J., Ollivier, J., Julien, S., & Hazrati, K. (1997) · Advanced Cement Based Materials · doi:10.1016/s1065-7355(97)90003-1 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Richardson, I. G., & Groves, G. W. (1997) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1023/a:1018639232570 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Tritthart, J. (1989) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(89)90039-2 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Climate change adaptation for corrosion control of concrete infrastructure
Stewart, M. G., Wang, X., & Nguyen, M. N. (2012) · Structural Safety · doi:10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.10.002 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Hou, D., & Li, Z. (2014) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.04.011 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Dai, Z., Tran, T. T., & Skibsted, J. (2014) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/jace.13006 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Zibara, H., Hooton, R. D., Thomas, M. D. A., & Stanish, K. (2007) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.024 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Chloride-binding capacity of hydrotalcite in cement pastes containing dolomite and metakaolin
Machner, A., Zając, M., Haha, M. B., Kjellsen, K. O., Geiker, M. R., & WEERDT, K. D. (2018) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.002 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of chloride salt type on chloride binding behavior of concrete
Zhu, Q., Jiang, L., Chen, Y., et al. (2012) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.079 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Kunther, W., Dai, Z., & Skibsted, J. (2016) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.04.012 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationHydration of C3A in the presence of Ca(OH)2, CaSO4·2H2O and CaCO3
Kuzel, H.-J., & Pöllmann, H. (1991) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(91)90183-i · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Hou, D., Jiang, J., et al. (2017) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.07.024 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Interactions between calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium chloride, bromide and nitrate
Plusquellec, G., & Nonat, A. (2016) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.08.002 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Schmitt, G., Schütze, M., Hays, G. F., et al. (2009) · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Quantification methods for chloride binding in Portland cement and limestone systems
Sui, S., Wilson, W., Georget, F., Maraghechi, H., Kazemi-Kamyab, H., Sun, W., & Scrivener, K. (2019) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105864 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Experimental and theoretical evidence of overcharging of calcium silicate hydrate
Labbez, C., Nonat, A., Pochard, I., et al. (2007) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.048 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Influence of pH on the chloride binding capacity of Limestone Calcined Clay Cements (LC3)
Avet, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2020) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106031 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Thermodynamic investigation of the CaOAl2O3CaCO3H2O closed system at 25°C and the influence of Na2O
Damidot, D., Stronach, S. A., Kindness, A., et al. (1994) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(94)90145-7 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The effect of artificial leaching with HCl on chloride binding in ordinary Portland cement paste
Hemstad, P., Machner, A., & WEERDT, K. D. (2020) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.105976 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationWEERDT, K. D., Orsáková, D., Müller, A., Larsen, C. K., Pedersen, B. M., & Geiker, M. R. (2016) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.069 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Machner, A., Zając, M., Haha, M. B., Kjellsen, K. O., Geiker, M. R., & WEERDT, K. D. (2018) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.02.013 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationAhmed, M. S., Kayali, O., & Anderson, W. R. (2008) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.02.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The effect of equilibration time on Al uptake in C-S-H
Barzgar, S., Tarik, M., Ludwig, C. D. R., & Lothenbach, B. (2021) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106438 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Electrostatic properties of C–S–H and C-A-S-H for predicting calcium and chloride adsorption
Yoshida, S., Elakneswaran, Y., & Toyoharu, N. A. W. A. (2021) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104109 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Machner, A., Zając, M., Haha, M. B., Kjellsen, K. O., Geiker, M. R., & WEERDT, K. D. (2017) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.056 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationMethodology for pH measurement in high alkali cementitious systems
Traynor, B., Uvegi, H., Olivetti, E., et al. (2020) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106122 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Chloride sorption by C-S-H quantified by SEM-EDX image analysis
Georget, F., Bénier, C., Wilson, W., & Scrivener, K. L. (2021) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106656 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Auberg, R., & Setzer, M. J. (1997) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482271980 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Appelo, C. A. J. (2020) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106270 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Andersen, M. D., JAKOBSEN, H. J., & Skibsted, J. (2002) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp014573p · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Balonis, M. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Towards the Understanding of the pH Dependency of the Chloride Binding of Portland Cement Pastes
Machner, A., Hemstad, P., & WEERDT, K. D. (2018) · Nordic Concrete Research/Nordic concrete research · doi:10.2478/ncr-2018-0009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationInvolvement of Solid Acids in the Thermal Decomposition of Calcium Chloride
Otake, T., Tone, S., Komasawa, I., et al. (1983) · KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU · doi:10.1252/kakoronbunshu.9.523 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
De Weerdt, K. (2021) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-021-01793-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring chloride binding in cementitious materials: A review by RILEM TC 298-EBD
Georget, F., Babaahmadi, A., Machner, A., Mrak, M., Dolenec, S., Xiong, Q. X., Shiju, J., Snoeck, D., Suraneni, P., & Wilson, W. (2025) · Materials and Structures · doi:10.1617/s11527-025-02802-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, N., & Ryu, S. (2026) · American Journal of Civil Engineering · doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20261403.16
- Authors
- Babaahmadi, A., Machner, A., Kunther, W., Figueira, J., Hemstad, P., & De Weerdt, K.
- Affiliations
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Babaahmadi, Arezou
- Venue
- Cement and Concrete Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 161
- Pages
- 106924
- ISSN
- 0008-8846 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4292339200
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 10.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cement and Concrete Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Division of Materials Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete Corrosion and Durability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete Properties and Behavior
- Keywords
- chloride binding, Portland composite cement, metakaolin, silica fume, chloride binding isotherms, cement hydration, calcium silicate hydrate, atomic force microscopy, NaCl exposure, cement paste
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
