The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Short-term and Long-term Efficacy of Psychological Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Several meta-analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of psychological therapies for reducing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, no meta-analysis has investigated the duration of these effects. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the immediate, short-term, and long-term efficacy of psychotherapy for reducing GI symptoms in adults with IBS. METHODS: We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses through August 15, 2015 for randomized controlled trials that compared psychological therapy with an active or non-active comparison (control) condition for treatment of GI symptoms in adults with IBS. RESULTS: Forty-one trials were included in our meta-analysis, comprising data from 2290 individuals (1183 assigned to psychotherapy and 1107 assigned to a control condition). Compared with a mixed group of control conditions, psychological therapies had a medium effect on GI symptom severity (d¯ = 0.69) immediately after treatment. On average, individuals who received psychotherapy had a greater reduction in GI symptoms after treatment than 75% of individuals assigned to a control condition. After short-term follow-up periods (1-6 months after treatment) and long-term follow-up periods (6-12 months after treatment), this effect remained significant and medium in magnitude (d¯ = 0.76 and d¯ = 0.73, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Psychological therapies reduce GI symptoms in adults with IBS. These effects remained significant and medium in magnitude after short-term and long-term follow-up periods.
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TL;DR
This systematic review and meta-analysis found that psychological therapies produce a medium-sized reduction in GI symptoms in adults with IBS immediately after treatment, and these effects remain significant and medium-sized at short-term (1–6 months) and long-term (6–12 months) follow-up. The analysis included 41 RCTs and 2290 participants.
Key findings
- Across 41 trials (1183 psychotherapy, 1107 control), psychological therapies reduced GI symptom severity immediately after treatment versus mixed controls: d=0.69, P<.001, 95% CI 0.52–0.86; the average psychotherapy participant improved more than 75% of controls.
- Effects remained medium-sized at short-term follow-up (14 trials; d=0.76, P<.001, 95% CI 0.54–0.97) and long-term follow-up (10 trials; d=0.73, P<.001, 95% CI 0.43–1.03). In the 5 trials with all three intervals, effects were d=0.54 immediately, d=0.76 short-term, and d=0.73 long-term.
- No significant moderator effects were found for therapeutic modality (cognitive d=0.73, hypnosis d=0.78, relaxation d=0.72; Q=0.08, P=.960), delivery method (online vs in-person; Q=1.98, P=.160), format (group vs individual; Q=0.19, P=.666), dose, control type (active vs non-active; Q=0.01, P=.929), or publication date. Country differed: Sweden d=1.14 vs US d=0.54 and UK d=0.32.
- Attrition risk of bias moderated effects: high-risk studies showed d=−0.03 (P=.875), versus unclear d=0.83 and low d=0.73 (Q=13.15, P=.001). No significant publication bias was detected at immediate, short-term, or long-term follow-up by Egger and rank correlation tests.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis conducted per PRISMA with an a priori protocol. Searched PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses through August 15, 2015 for RCTs comparing psychological therapy with active or non-active control for GI symptoms in adults with IBS.
- Included 41 unique trials comprising 2290 individuals (1183 psychotherapy, 1107 control). Eligible trials assessed continuous GI symptom outcomes, were written in English, and excluded quasi-randomized allocation, support-group-only interventions, and dichotomous outcomes.
- Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were computed and pooled with random-effects weights using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v3.3.070. Heterogeneity was assessed with Q, τ², and I²; risk of bias used the Cochrane tool; pre-specified moderator analyses examined therapy type, delivery, format, dose, control type, country, and publication date.
Limitations
- Stated: substantial between-trial variability in measures, inclusion criteria, and control conditions; effects may vary by individual patient characteristics, but this was impossible to assess because of inconsistent reporting and limited diversity (participants were mostly female and mostly white in trials reporting these data).
- Stated: no trial was rated low risk of bias in every domain; after excluding blinding, only 9 trials were low risk in all remaining domains. Few studies collected short-term or long-term follow-up data, and only 3 online therapy trials were included.
- Evident: heterogeneity was substantial (I²=70.56 immediate, 58.63 short-term, 74.86 long-term), and high attrition-bias studies showed no significant effect, which may limit confidence in pooled estimates.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant effect of risk of bias in the domain of attrition (Q ¼ 13.15, P ¼ .001).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Impact of Bias
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2 of these trials, the treatment group improved more than the control group on a dichotomous outcome measure identified by the authors as the primary outcome.57,59”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Shinozaki, 2010, Effect of autogenic training on general improvement in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial, Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Tkachuk, 2003, Randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral group therapy for irritable bowel syndrome in a medical setting, Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(d ¼ 0.73, P < .001;95% CI, 0.43-1.03;Q ¼ 35.80,P < .001,s 2 ¼ 0.17, I 2 ¼ 74.86).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Selective Reporting
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within therapies administered in person, there was no significant difference in the effect of interventions administered in a group (d ¼ 0.56, P ¼ .004;95% CI, 0.18-0.94)vs individual format (d ¼ 0.66, P < .001;95% CI, 0.47-0.84;Q ¼ 0.19, P ¼ .666).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Meta-analysis of Psychological Therapies for IBS 941
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no evidence of significant publication bias at the first post-treatment follow-up, as indicated by the Egger test (b ¼ 0.57, P ¼ .583)and the rank correlation test (s ¼ 0.09, P ¼ .439).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Impact of Bias
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a medium effect of psychotherapy on GI symptoms at short-term follow-up compared with mixed control conditions (d ¼ 0.76, P < .001;95% CI, 0.54-0.97;Q ¼ 31.43,P ¼ .003,s 2 ¼ .10,I 2 ¼ 58.63).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Short-term Follow-up
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 2 . Figure 2. Mean effects of psychological therapies on GI symptoms compared with mixed group of control conditions at the first post-treatment assessment.”
- Also stated in: § Selective Reporting · plain
“(d ¼ 0.73, P < .001;95% CI, 0.43-1.03;Q ¼ 35.80,P < .001,s 2 ¼ 0.17, I 2 ¼ 74.86).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Selective Reporting
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Selective Reporting · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the United Kingdom (d ¼ 0.32, P ¼ .014;95% CI, 0.06-0.58;Q ¼ 8.84, P ¼ .003).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Meta-analysis of Psychological Therapies for IBS 941
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are encouraging, but only 3 trials included in our meta-analysis assessed healthcare utilization as an outcome.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no statistically significant difference between the effect sizes of interventions delivered online (d ¼ 1.33, P ¼ .006;95% CI, 0.38-2.27)vs in-person ðd ¼ 0.64, P < .001;95% CI, 0.47-0.80;Q ¼ 1.98, P ¼ .160).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Meta-analysis of Psychological Therapies for IBS 941
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the majority of studies used interventions that combined several different treatment modalities, making it difficult to sort studies into discrete categories.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, this was impossible to assess in the current metaanalysis because of inconsistent reporting and limited diversity (participants were mostly female and mostly white in trials that reported these data).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The numbers of trials meeting criteria for low risk of bias that was due to (1) allocation sequence, (2) concealment of allocation sequence, (3) blinding, (4) incomplete outcome data, and (5) selective reporting were 21, 16, 1, 22, and 34, respectively.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Risk of Bias
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Number of sessions (b ¼ -0.02, P ¼ .527),average session duration (b < 0.01, P ¼ .491),therapy duration (b ¼ 0.01, P ¼ .886),and session frequency (b ¼ -0.04, P ¼.887) were not significantly correlated with effect size.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Meta-analysis of Psychological Therapies for IBS 941
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, few studies collected short-term or long-term follow-up data.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forty-one trials were included in our meta-analysis, comprising data from 2290 individuals (1183 assigned to psychotherapy and 1107 assigned to a control condition).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,290Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3 . Figure 3. Mean effects of psychological therapies on GI symptoms compared with control conditions for the 5 studies that included data for all 3 follow-up intervals by follow-up interval.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Selective Reporting
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“These results are comparable to findings from a recent meta-analysis of the efficacy of psychotherapy for depression, 65 in which number of treatment sessions was not significantly associated with effect size after controlling for other relevant study variables.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Cuijpers, 2013, How much psychotherapy is needed to treat depression? a metaregression analysis, J Affect Disord source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meta-analyses suggest that psychological therapies are as effective as antidepressants in reducing GI symptoms in IBS immediately after treatment, with a number needed to treat between 2 and 4. [5][6][7]”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Ford, 2014, Effect of antidepressants and psychological therapies, including hypnotherapy, in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Ford, 2009, Efficacy of antidepressants and psychological therapies in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis, Gut source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Lackner, 2004, Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Consult Clin Psychol source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our results were similar to a recently published metaanalysis that used binary outcome data to compare the efficacy of psychotherapy vs antidepressant medications for reducing GI symptoms in IBS.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Ford, 2014, Effect of antidepressants and psychological therapies, including hypnotherapy, in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Gastroenterol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The average effect on GI symptoms after treatment (d ¼ 0.69) in our analysis was similar to that reported previously for bowel dysfunction (d ¼ 0.57) and considerably higher than that reported previously for abdominal pain (d ¼ 0.27) in the only previously published meta-analysis on this topic using continuous outcomes.7”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Lackner, 2004, Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Consult Clin Psychol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The remaining trial 56 used walking as a comparison condition, which could arguably be conceptualized as an active treatment rather than a control condition.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Shahabi, 2016, Self-regulation evaluation of therapeutic yoga and walking for patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study, Psychology, Health & Medicine source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several meta-analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of psychological therapies for reducing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the nature of psychotherapy, it is impossible for patients to be blinded to intervention content.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Blinding
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement and followed an a priori established protocol.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The risk of bias assessment tool developed by the Cochrane Collaboration 22 for RCTs was used to assess the following possible sources of bias in included trials”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Assessment of Risk of Bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Higgins J, Altman D. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins J, Green S, eds. The Cochrane Collaboration: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.0.1. 2008. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assessment of eligibility and data extraction were each performed independently by 2 authors, and ITT data were used wherever possible.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, group format may be an effective and economical method of delivering psychological therapies to adults with IBS.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ITT data were used wherever possible.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“L.S.W. and S.D.H. were consulted in unclear cases; disagreement was resolved through discussion.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Authors were aware of the names of the study authors, results, and other publication information.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect size data were entered by the first author (K.T.L.) and checked by another (A.C.R.).”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A single reviewer (K.T.L.) coded all other variables.”
§ SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND META-ANALYSES Fasiha Kanwal, Section > Additional information
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No meta-analysis has investigated the duration of the effects of psychological therapies on GI symptoms in IBS.
“However, no meta-analysis has investigated the duration of these effects.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Dichotomous outcome measures measure a different underlying construct than continuous measures.
“Dichotomous outcome measures were ineligible because these were assumed to measure a different underlying construct than continuous measures.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, although previous reviews have demonstrated the short and long-term efficacy of psychological therapies for IBS, [98] regardless of delivery method (in person or online), our study demonstrated that CBT via telephone appeared to be the most beneficial in the long-term.”
From Efficacy of psychological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and network meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“The same two reviewers independently appraised included studies’ quality using indicators identified by the American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA) level of evidence scheme.29,30”
From Benchmarks of Significant Change After Aphasia Rehabilitation (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Eligibility was not independently assessed by two authors
MajorThe discussion says two authors independently assessed eligibility, but the methods say the first author assessed articles and consulted others only in unclear cases.
“Assessment of eligibility and data extraction were each performed independently by 2 authors”
“The first author (K.T.L.) screened titles/abstracts for relevance and evaluated all potentially relevant articles in detail to determine eligibility.L.S.W. and S.D.H. were consulted in unclear cases; disagreement was resolved through discussion.”
Svedlund's attrition rating conflicts with the stated rule
MinorThe stated rule requires ITT data for a low attrition-risk rating, but Table 2 marks Svedlund as not providing ITT data and nevertheless rates attrition risk low.
“| Svedlund | | Unclear | Unclear | (High) | 1.98 | N | Low | Low |”
“Studies providing ITT data and that had a participant dropout rate of 20% or less at the first post-treatment follow-up were coded as having a low risk of bias because of handling of incomplete outcome data.”
Data extraction was not independently performed by two authors
MinorThe discussion describes independent extraction by two authors. The methods instead describe one author entering effect-size data for another to check, while a single reviewer coded all other variables.
“Assessment of eligibility and data extraction were each performed independently by 2 authors”
“Effect size data were entered by the first author (K.T.L.) and checked by another (A.C.R.).A single reviewer (K.T.L.) coded all other variables.”
Citations
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Siegel KM. The effects of emotional disclosure on physical symptoms, healthcare utilization, and psychosocial adjustment in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. PhD dissertation. Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, 2003.
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ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Lacy, B. E., Pimentel, M., Brenner, D. M., Chey, W. D., Keefer, L. A., Long, M. D., & Moshiree, B. (2021) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001036 · Cited by 893
“For example, level 1 evidence for GDPs in the management of IBS shows efficacy and durability (232,248,249) with a slight advantage of CBT, which has themost RCTs.”
BackgroundCurrent Psychosomatic Practice
Fava, G. A., Cosci, F., & Sonino, N. (2017) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000448856 · Cited by 302
Black, C. J., Thakur, E. R., Houghton, L. A., Quigley, E. M. M., Moayyedi, P., & Ford, A. C. (2020) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321191 · Cited by 299
“The primary outcome assessed was the efficacy of all psychological therapies and control interventions in IBS, in terms of effect on global IBS symptoms or abdominal pain after completion of therapy.”
InfluentialA Rome Working Team Report on Brain-Gut Behavior Therapies for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction
Keefer, L., Ballou, S. K., Drossman, D. A., Ringstrom, G., Elsenbruch, S., & Ljótsson, B. (2022) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.015 · Cited by 213
Lackner, J. M., Jaccard, J., Keefer, L., Brenner, D. M., Firth, R. S., Gudleski, G. D., Hamilton, F. A., Katz, L. A., Krasner, S. S., Ma, C.-X., et al. (2018) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.063 · Cited by 191
Behavioral and Diet Therapies in Integrated Care for Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Chey, W. D., Keefer, L., Whelan, K., & Gibson, P. R. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.099 · Cited by 154
Laird, K. T., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., Russell, A. C., Hollon, S. D., & Walker, L. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.11.001 · Cited by 148
Self-citationNew treatments and therapeutic targets for IBS and other functional bowel disorders
Simrén, M., & Tack, J. F. (2018) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0034-5 · Cited by 150
Irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis and management: A simplified algorithm for clinical practice
Moayyedi, P., Mearin, F., Azpiroz, F., Andresen, V., Barbara, G., Corsetti, M., Emmanuel, A., Hungin, A. P. S., Layer, P., Stanghellini, V., et al. (2017) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1177/2050640617731968 · Cited by 135
“CBT is the most studied form of psychological therapy and is associated with overall improvement in IBS symptoms, with good short-term and long-term efficacy.(61) In clinical practice,”
BackgroundOpioid misuse in gastroenterology and non-opioid management of abdominal pain
Szigethy, E., Knisely, M., & Drossman, D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.141 · Cited by 117
“Laird et al.(153) (metaanalysis) 41 RCTs (2,290 adults with IBS) CBT, mindfulness, relaxation, hypnosis and emotional awareness training GI symptom severity • Psychotherapy had a medium effect (reducing) on gastrointestinal symptom severity (d = 0.”
BackgroundCognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome: current insights
Kinsinger, S. W. (2017) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s120817 · Cited by 132
“This treatment modality has demonstrated positive results in RCTs. 38,39 For example, compared to a control condition (online discussion forum), participants in the ICBT group reported significant decreases in IBS symptoms (42% patients vs 12% of patients).”
InfluentialSecond Asian Consensus on Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Gwee, K., Gonlachanvit, S., Ghoshal, U. C., Chua, A. S. B., Miwa, H., Wu, J. C. Y., Bak, Y., Lee, O. Y., Lu, C., Park, H., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm19041 · Cited by 112
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Anxiety disorders and medical comorbidity: Treatment implications
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Personality traits and emotional patterns in irritable bowel syndrome
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Management of the multiple symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.
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Health-Related Quality of Life in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain
Bharucha, A. E., Chakraborty, S., & Sletten, C. D. (2016) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 · Cited by 68
Lai, L., Liu, Y., McCracken, L. M., Li, Y., & Ren, Z. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104308 · Cited by 60
Is there a causal link between psychological disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders?
Koloski, N. A., Holtmann, G., & Talley, N. J. (2020) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2020.1801414 · Cited by 68
Rosendahl, J., Alldredge, C. T., & Haddenhorst, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1330238 · Cited by 56
Guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome
Pietrzak, A. M., Skrzydło-Radomańska, B., Mulak, A., Lipiński, M., Malecka-Panas, E. I., Reguła, J., & Rydzewska, G. M. (2018) · Gastroenterology Review · doi:10.5114/pg.2018.78343 · Cited by 60
Mind-body treatments of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: An updated meta-analysis
Shah, K., Ramos-Garcia, M., Bhavsar, J., & Lehrer, P. M. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103462 · Cited by 58
Benchmarks of Significant Change After Aphasia Rehabilitation
Gilmore, N., Dwyer, M., & Kiran, S. (2019) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.08.177 · Cited by 54
Hypnosis and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies for the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders
Palsson, O. S., & Ballou, S. (2020) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-020-00769-z · Cited by 49
Clinical practice guidelines for irritable bowel syndrome in Korea, 2017 revised edition
Song, K. H., Jung, H.-K., Kim, H. J., Koo, H. S., Kwon, Y. H., Shin, H. D., Lim, H. C., Shin, J. E., Kim, S. E., Cho, D. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm17145 · Cited by 47
“A recent meta-analysis of 41 trials involving 2290 patients reported that psychological therapies reduce gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS at 1-6 months and 6-12 months after treatment.(131) However, these studies had limitations, including a low methodological quality, relatively few patients, and no con…”
BackgroundCognitive Behavioral Therapy for IBS: How Useful, How Often, and How Does It Work?
Radziwon, C. D., & Lackner, J. M. (2017) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0590-9 · Cited by 42
Development and Current State of Digital Therapeutics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Brenner, D. M., Kassebaum-Ladewski, A., & Kinsinger, S. W. (2023) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2023.09.013 · Cited by 45
Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis and management
Masuy, I., Pannemans, J., & Tack, J. F. (2020) · Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica · doi:10.23736/s1121-421x.19.02640-0 · Cited by 45
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Yoga as a Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
D’Silva, A., MacQUEEN, G. M., Nasser, Y., Taylor, L., Vallance, J. K., & Raman, M. (2019) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05989-6 · Cited by 47
Psychotherapeutic Interventions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Hetterich, L., & Stengel, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00286 · Cited by 46
Wu, X., Wong, C. H. L., Ho, R. S. T., Cheung, W. K. W., Ford, A. C., Wu, J. C. Y., Mak, A. D. P., Cramer, H., & Chung, V. C. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/1756284818820438 · Cited by 34
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Post-cholecystectomy syndrome and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: past, present and future
Tarnasky, P. R. (2016) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2016.1251308 · Cited by 28
Rawla, P., Sunkara, T., & Raj, J. P. (2018) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.001 · Cited by 25
Adults living with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A qualitative systematic review
Shorey, S., Demutska, A., Chan, V., & Siah, K. T. H. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110289 · Cited by 28
Biesiekierski, J. R., Manning, L. P., Murray, H. B., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Ljótsson, B., & Oudenhove, L. V. (2022) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.17111 · Cited by 28
Sampaio, F., Bonnert, M., Olén, O., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Lalouni, M., Lenhard, F., Ljótsson, B., Ssegonja, R., Serlachius, E., & Feldman, I. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023881 · Cited by 26
Gastrointestinal symptoms following treatment for anorexia nervosa: A systematic literature review
West, M., McMaster, C. M., Staudacher, H. M., Hart, S., Jacka, F. N., Stewart, T., Loughman, A., Rocks, T., & Ruusunen, A. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23469 · Cited by 25
Torkzadeh, F., Danesh, M., Mirbagher, L., Daghaghzadeh, H., & Emami, M. H. (2019) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_464_17 · Cited by 24
“meta‐analysis reported that CBT to be more effective in rising daily functioning of IBS patients compared to relaxation, which might be due to the fact that CBT promotes behavioral change and assists patients in dealing with uncomfortable situations.[37,39]”
Abdelghafar, Y. A., AbdelQadir, Y. H., Motawea, K. R., Nasr, S. A., Omran, H. A. M., Belal, M. M., Elhashash, M. M., AbdelAzim, A. A., & Shah, J. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.814 · Cited by 21
“Therefore, different behavioral therapies are now used and proved great efficacy in decreasing patients' symptoms and increasing their QOL such as gastrointestinal‐focused cognitive behavioral therapy and gut‐directed hypnotherapy.(47) This requires a multidisciplinary team of gastroenterologists, dietitians, gut‐focu…”
MethodLee, T.-Y., Hsieh, T., Sung, H., & Chen, W. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050708 · Cited by 21
“At present, the long-term maintenance of CBT treatment effects on IBS has not been established [24].”
BackgroundTreating irritable bowel syndrome through an interdisciplinary approach
Nelkowska, D. D. (2019) · Annals of Gastroenterology · doi:10.20524/aog.2019.0441 · Cited by 21
“So far, the number of studies confirming the efficacy of psychotherapy in IBS treatment show that this type of intervention leads to an improvement in patients’ quality of life, reducing pain and anxiety as well as somatic symptoms, although it is not certain whether specific or non-specific factors are relevant [64-6…”
BackgroundThakur, E. R., Quigley, B. M., El‐Serag, H. B., Gudleski, G. D., & Lackner, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.07.006 · Cited by 23
Owusu, J. T., Sibelli, A., Moss-Morris, R. E., van Tilburg, M. A. L., Levy, R. L., & Oser, M. L. (2021) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14108 · Cited by 22
Law, M., Pickering, I., Bartlett, E., Sebaratnam, G., Varghese, C., Gharibans, A. A., O’Grady, G., Andrews, C. N., & Calder, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111516 · Cited by 20
Axelsson, E., Kern, D., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Lindfors, P., Palmgren, J., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Johansson, R., Olén, O., Bonnert, M., et al. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2225745 · Cited by 26
“The relative efficacy of psychological treatments for IBS has been investigated in four recent meta-analyses (Black et al., 2020; Henrich et al., 2015; Laird et al., 2016; K. Shah et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialFuture of Brain–Gut Behavior Therapies: Mediators and Moderators
Burton Murray, H., & Ljótsson, B. (2022) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2022.06.011 · Cited by 17
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Mróz, M., Czub, M., & Brytek‐Matera, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14163447 · Cited by 18
Johannesson, E., Ung, E. J., Sadik, R., & Ringström, G. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2018.1519596 · Cited by 17
Rao, S. S. C., Coss‐Adame, E., Yan, Y., Erdoğan, A., Valestin, J., & Ayyala, D. N. (2021) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000381 · Cited by 15
Löwe, B., Nestoriuc, Y., Andresen, V., Vettorazzi, E., Zapf, A., Hübener, S., Maehder, K., Peters, L., & Lohse, A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059529 · Cited by 11
Management of irritable bowel syndrome: a narrative review
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“While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been widely studied and demonstrated effectiveness in managing IBS (41,42), it is often hampered by limited accessibility.”
BackgroundPayne, H. (2021) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2021.1878052 · Cited by 14
“MUS treatment is normally via mental health services but for only the most severe presentations of IBS with anxiety/depression (Laird et al., 2016), except for graded exercise for chronic fatigue (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008).”
BackgroundLackner, J. (2020) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2020.1780118 · Cited by 11
Hypnotherapy for persons with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A three-arm randomized controlled trial
Wan, Y.-P., & Ng, S. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2022.2051424 · Cited by 14
“Some studies have discovered that IBS symptoms were not significantly moderated by any of the dosages used (Laird et al., 2016), although the sample sizes in those studies were small, and significant effects were not attained (Krouwel et al., 2021).”
BackgroundPathipati, M. P., Scott, L. L., Griser, A. C., & Staller, K. D. (2024) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14811 · Cited by 17
Biobehavioral approach to distinguishing panic symptoms from medical illness
Tunnell, N. C., Corner, S. E., Roque, A. D., Kroll, J. L., Ritz, T., & Meuret, A. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1296569 · Cited by 18
Diagnosis and treatment of medically unexplained symptoms and chronic functional syndromes.
Clarke, D. D. (2016) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000228 · Cited by 13
Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disease in Fibromyalgia
Schatz, R. A., & Moshiree, B. (2017) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2017.09.009 · Cited by 13
Update in diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome
Hung, T.-H., Wang, C.-Y., & Lee, H.-F. (2023) · Tzu-Chi Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_104_23 · Cited by 15
Die Rolle Der Psychotherapie Beim Reizdarmsyndrom
Weibert, E., & Stengel, A. (2019) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-0829-6990 · Cited by 11
Irritábilisbél-szindróma: komorbid pszichiátriai zavarok és pszichológiai kezelési lehetőségek
Gajdos, P., & Rigó, A. (2018) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2018.31247 · Cited by 10
Benzodiazepines’ Role in Managing Gastrointestinal Disorders
Balon, R., Sonino, N., & Rafanelli, C. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000510686 · Cited by 10
Written expressive disclosure in adults with irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
Laird, K. T., & Stanton, A. L. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101374 · Cited by 10
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The experiences of physical activity in irritable bowel syndrome—A qualitative study
Johannesson, E., Ung, E. J., Ringström, G., & Sadik, R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14880 · Cited by 9
Does Yoga Help Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
Patel, N. K., & Lacy, B. E. (2016) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.08.014 · Cited by 9
Yu, L., Inspector, Y., & McCracken, L. M. (2021) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463720926559 · Cited by 8
Roles and Impact of Psychologists in Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology Care
Montero, A. M., & Jones, S. (2019) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.07.067 · Cited by 8
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Hunt, M. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18218-2_5 · Cited by 9
The Role of Virtual Reality in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Suchak, K. K., Almario, C. V., Liran, O., Chernoff, R. A., & Spiegel, B. M. R. (2024) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-024-00940-w · Cited by 10
“Moreover, CBT has been well-studied in IBS with greater than 30 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrating its efficacy [ 13–15, 17, 19–21].”
BackgroundShahverdi, Z. A., Dehghani, M., Ashouri, A., Manouchehri, M., & Mohebi, N. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104176 · Cited by 7
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Die neue Leitlinie zum Reizdarmsyndrom: Was ändert sich?
von Schassen, H., Andresen, V., & Layer, P. (2021) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-1331-6478 · Cited by 5
“Hierzu zählen die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie, psychodynamische Psychotherapie, Bauch-gerichtete Hypnose [6] und Mischformen.”
BackgroundDigital Gut-Directed CBT May Improve Fecal Incontinence in IBS
Varma, S., Scott, L. L., Sibelli, A., Pathipati, M. P., Griser, A. C., & Staller, K. D. (2025) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-025-08871-w · Cited by 4
An Analysis of Six Month Follow-Up Data from a Peer Parent Support Study
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“, 2008), and gastrointestinal problems (Laird et al., 2016).”
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Hypnosis in the self-regulation of feeling states
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Lackner, J. M. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003186 · Cited by 3
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Metadata
- Authors
- Laird, K. T., Tanner-Smith, E. E., Russell, A. C., Hollon, S. D., & Walker, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Laird, Kelsey T.
- Venue
- Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 937-947.e4
- ISSN
- 1542-3565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2215411395
- Semantic Scholar
- 83fd7c8ee686a4fe7eea24cefa1e1f714177bd42
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- irritable bowel syndrome, psychotherapy, gastrointestinal symptoms, symptom severity, long-term efficacy, short-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychotherapy, Time, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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