Investigating unmetabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in adolescents' urine as biomarkers of environmental exposure
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of interest to human biomonitoring studies due to their carcinogenic potential. Traditionally metabolites of these compounds, like 1-hydroxypyrene, are monitored in urine, but recent methods allow the determination of the parent compounds in urine, which give additional information regarding sources and toxicity of PAHs. In order to assess the feasibility of incorporating these methods in a human biomonitoring study, the 16 USEPA parent PAHs were determined in 20 urine samples. These samples were obtained from 10 boys and 10 girls aged 14-16 years, participating in the third Flemish Environment and Health Study (Flanders, Belgium). Of these 16 parent PAHs, nine could be determined in more than 95% of the samples and three (including benzo(a)pyrene) in more than 50%. Several correlations were found between different PAHs, but not between pyrene and its metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene. Diagnostic PAH ratios in urine and air samples pointed towards combustion sources and are in line with the ratios in environmental samples. Benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene and fluorene have the highest carcinogenic potential in our cohort, when using toxic equivalency factors. Some associations between PAH congeners and determinants of exposure were found, while fluorene and acenaphthylene were positively associated with thyroid hormone levels and benzo(a)pyrene showed a positive correlation with DNA damage by comet assay. These results confirm that parent PAHs in urine are useful as biomarkers of exposure in biomonitoring studies.
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PAHs and their metabolites can be found in the blood of adults, children and neonates, as well as in urine and maternal milk.
“Advances in bioanalytical methods have now revealed that PAHs and their metabolites can be found in the blood of adults,24, 25, 26, 27 children28, 29 and neonates,26, 30 as well as in urine18, 31, 32, 33 and maternal milk.26”
From The impact of airborne pollution on skin (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults
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- Authors
- De Craemer, S., Croes, K., van Larebeke, N., Sioen, I., Schoeters, G., Loots, I., Nawrot, T., Nelen, V., Campo, L., Fustinoni, S., & Baeyens, W.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (BE)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Hasselt University (BE)
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene (BE)
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 155
- Pages
- 48-56
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2340561780
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Document Server@UHasselt (UHasselt) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of the Flemish Community
- Research Foundation Flanders (1.2.683.14.N.00)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, urinary biomarkers, environmental exposure, adolescents, benzo[a]pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, pyrene, combustion sources, toxic equivalency factors, carcinogenicity, thyroid hormones, DNA damage
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Belgium, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Humans, Male, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Biomarkers
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