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Carbon microspheres derived from walnut shell: Rapid and remarkable uptake of heavy metal ions, molecular computational study and surface modeling
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Carbon microspheres were synthesized under nitrogen flow from walnut shells (WS) and then used as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II), Cu(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) metals. The prepared material was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brounauer-emett-teller surface, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. SEM micrographs showed homogenous sphere-like structure with an average diameter of 4.55 μm. The prepared carbon microspheres exhibit selective and rapid removal of hazardous metals from synthetic water samples. The effects of solution pH, contact time and temperatures on the removal process have been systematically investigated. The material used in this present work present the highest adsorption capacities ever reported for Cr(III), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) at an optimum pH of 5, the adsorption capacities reached 792, 638, 574 and 345 mg g-1 for Cr(III), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II), respectively. Density functional calculations (DFT) showed an agreement with the adsorption process results, Cr(III) had stronger binding ability to the OH and/or COOH functional groups followed by Pb, Cu and Cd. The adsorption mechanism was discussed based on the experimental and theoretical results. Finally, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the adsorption conditions.
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A larger absolute value of binding energy indicates a stronger binding affinity of the surface adsorbent for heavy metal ions.
“A larger absolute value of binding energy indicates a stronger binding affinity of the surface adsorbent for heavy metal ions [36],”
From Insight into the Adsorption Behavior of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from Mud by HCl-Modified Coconut Shell Biochar: Experimental and DFT Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zbair, M., Ait Ahsaine, H., Anfar, Z., & Slassi, A.
- Affiliations
- Chouaib Doukkali University (MA)
- Université Ibn Zohr (MA)
- University of Mons (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Zbair, Mohamed
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 231
- Pages
- 140-150
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2945354467
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 3.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Ibn Zohr University, faculty of science, Agadir, Morocco
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Keywords
- carbon microspheres, walnut shell, heavy metal adsorption, lead removal, copper removal, chromium removal, cadmium removal, adsorption capacity, adsorption mechanism, DFT calculations, response surface methodology, biosorbent, water treatment, pH effect
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Carbon, Ions, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microspheres, Models, Chemical, Metals, Heavy, Juglans
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