Effective removal of Pb (II) from wastewater by zinc-iron bimetallic oxide-modified walnut shell biochar: A combined experimental and DFT calculation approach
Abstract
The modified walnut shell biochar (WBC) was prepared through zinc-iron bimetallic oxide modification (ZF@WBC) at 600 °C under oxygen-limited conditions in this study. Through adsorption experiments, characterization analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the adsorption properties of ZF@WBC to Pb (II) were investigated and the mechanism underlying such adsorption was elucidated. Characterization results showed that the surface area (375.9709 m 2/g) and total pore volume (0.205319 cm 3/g) of ZF@WBC were significantly greater than those of walnut shell biochar. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZF@WBC for Pb (II) was found to be 104.26 mg/g, which is 2.57 times higher than that of WBC according to the adsorption experiments conducted. The observed adsorption behavior followed both the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, suggesting that chemisorption plays a major role in the absorption process. Based on SEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR characterizations along with DFT calculations performed in this study, it can be concluded that surface complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, physical absorption are among the main mechanisms responsible for absorption of Pb (II) by ZF@WBC. Furthermore, even in the presence of interfering ions at different concentrations, ZF@WBC exhibited a removal rate above 70% for Pb (II). Therefore, ZF@WBC has great potential as an effective absorbent for removing Pb (II) from wastewater, while also offering opportunities for biomass waste resource utilization.
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Biochar is a by-product of pyrolyzing agricultural and forestry waste, animal manure, and municipal organic matter.
“Biochar is a by-product of pyrolyzing agricultural and forestry waste [10-12], animal manure [13,14], and municipal organic matter.”
From Insight into the Adsorption Behavior of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from Mud by HCl-Modified Coconut Shell Biochar: Experimental and DFT Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Chen, T., Cao, G., Qiang, Y., Lu, Y., Qin, R., Xu, W., Xie, Y., & Mao, R.
- Affiliations
- Kunming University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Qin, Ronggao
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-11
- Volume
- 370
- Pages
- 122757
- ISSN
- 0301-4797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4403218840
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 5.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (42167052, 42267063)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Keywords
- lead removal, lead adsorption, walnut shell biochar, biochar modification, heavy metal wastewater treatment, adsorption mechanism, surface complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, pseudo-second-order kinetics, Langmuir isotherm, biomass waste valorization
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Charcoal, Iron, Kinetics, Lead, Oxides, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zinc, Juglans, Wastewater
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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