Deciphering the role of nitric oxide in mitigation of systemic fungicide induced growth inhibition and oxidative damage in wheat
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Consento (CON) poses a significant environmental hazard as a systemic fungicide, adversely affecting the health of non-target organisms. Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, is known to play a crucial role in plant physiology and abiotic stress tolerance. However, whether NO plays any role to enhance fungicide CON tolerance in wheat seedlings is yet unclear. Therefore, we conducted a hydroponic experiment i) to investigate the morpho-physio-biochemical changes of wheat seedlings to fungicide CON stress, and ii) to examine the effects of NO and fungicide CON treatments on oxidative damage, antioxidant system, secondary metabolism and detoxification of systemic fungicide in wheat seedlings. The results showed that CON fungicide at the highest (4X) concentration significantly decreased wheat seedlings fresh weight (46.89%), shoot length (40.26%), root length (56.11%) and total chlorophyll contents (67.44%) in a dose response relationship. Moreover, CON significantly increased hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and peroxidase activities while decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) content. This ultimately impaired the redox homeostasis of cells, leading to oxidative damage in cell membrane. Under fungicide treatment, the addition of NO reduced the fungicide phytotoxicity, with an increase of over 60% in seedling growth. The NO application mitigated CON phytotoxicity as reflected by significantly increased chlorophyll pigments (69.88%) and decreased oxidative damage in wheat leaves. Indeed, the NO alleviatory effect was able to increase the tolerance of seedlings to fungicide, which resulted increments in antioxidant and detoxification enzymes activity, with the enhanced GSH level (78.54%). Interestingly, NO alleviated CON phytotoxicity through the phenylpropanoid pathway by enhancing the activity of secondary metabolism enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (47.28%), polyphenol oxidase (9%), and associated metabolites such as phenolic acids (77.62%), flavonoids (34.33%) in wheat leaves. Our study has provided evidence that NO plays a key role in the metabolism and detoxification of systemic fungicide in wheat through enhanced activity of antioxidants, detoxifications and secondary metabolic enzymes.
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ERY has detrimental effects on cellular oxidative status of A. platensis.
“Similarly, the trend of MDA content in A. platensis exposed to ERY paralleled that of H 2 O2 accumulation, suggesting the detrimental effects of ERY on cellular oxidative status as shown in Fig. 4B (Touzout et al. 2024b).”
From Integrated morpho-physiological and biochemical description of the mechanisms leading stress responses in cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis) upon exposure to Erythromycin (2025) · cites this paper as Touzout et al. 2024b
MDA content trend in A. platensis exposed to ERY paralleled H2O2 accumulation.
“Similarly, the trend of MDA content in A. platensis exposed to ERY paralleled that of H 2 O2 accumulation, suggesting the detrimental effects of ERY on cellular oxidative status as shown in Fig. 4B (Touzout et al. 2024b).”
From Integrated morpho-physiological and biochemical description of the mechanisms leading stress responses in cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis) upon exposure to Erythromycin (2025) · cites this paper as Touzout et al. 2024b
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Touzout, N., Ainas, M., Babaali, M., Moussa, H., Mihoub, A., Ahmad, I., Jamal, A., Danish, S., Ahmad, R., Dewir, Y. H., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14567-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationTouzout, N., Mihoub, A., Ahmad, I., Lekmine, S., Tahraoui, H., Krache, F., Ali, E., Hussain, S., Danish, S., Amrane, A., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-12123-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationTouzout, N., Mihoub, A., Boukheddimi, M., Moualdia, A. O., Ahmad, I., Jamal, A., Danish, S., Alarfaj, A. A., Alharbi, S. A., & Ansari, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123337 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationAinas, M., Touzout, N., Tahraoui, H., Mokeddem, H. E., Moussa, H., Kherbouche, S., Mebrouk, S., Zhang, J., & Amrane, A. (2025) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-025-02888-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“4B (Touzout et al. 2024b).”
Self-citationTouzout, N., Tahraoui, H., Lekmine, S., Benchidi, T., Bouchibane, M., Ahmad, I., Mihoub, A., Moussa, H., Danish, S., & Amrane, A. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-08171-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMaulenbay, A., & Rsaliyev, A. (2025) · Plant Protection Science · doi:10.17221/219/2024-pps · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Touzout, N., Mihoub, A., Krache, F., Ali, E., & Ahmad, R. (2025) · Journal of soil science and plant nutrition · doi:10.1007/s42729-025-02482-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationTouzout, N., Babaali, M., Ainas, M., Jamal, A., Mihoub, A., Ahmad, I., Danish, S., Saeed, M. F., & Székely, Á. (2025) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-025-11895-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationOuzani, A., Maachou, H., Touzout, N., Moussa, H., Zouambia, Y., Ainas, M., Mihoub, A., Prisa, D., Černý, J., Dewir, Y. H., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2025.2544773 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKöseoğlu, S. T., & Doğru, A. (2026) · Russian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1134/s1021443725605865 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Touzout, N., Babaali, M., Touzout, F., Balaouane, N., Moussa, H., Ahmad, I., Mihoub, A., Tahraoui, H., & Jamal, A. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-08758-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKrache, F., Boualem, M., Benabdelmoumene, D., Benourad, F., Touzout, N., Amar, M. K., Al‐Dossary, O., Alsubaie, B., Adel Abdel-Sabour, R. E. Z. K., Almuqbil, R. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.25259/jksus_1312_2025
Self-citationBiochar Potential Against Metal Toxicity in Plants
Touzout, N., Shahid, M., Babaali, M., Jamal, A., & Muhammad, H. M. D. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9899-9.ch007
Self-citationAli, S., Touzout, N., Rasool, A., & Almalki, M. (2026) · Journal of Basic Microbiology · doi:10.1002/jobm.70207
Self-citation
- Authors
- Touzout, N., Mihoub, A., Ahmad, I., Jamal, A., & Danish, S.
- Affiliations
- University Yahia Fares of Medea (DZ)
- CRSTRA (DZ)
- COMSATS University Islamabad (PK)
- The University of Agriculture, Peshawar (PK)
- Bahauddin Zakariya University (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ahmad, Iftikhar
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-09
- Volume
- 364
- Pages
- 143046
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4401424808
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Growth Enhancement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, systemic fungicides, fungicide phytotoxicity, wheat seedlings, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, phenylpropanoid pathway, secondary metabolism, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, detoxification, redox homeostasis, chlorophyll content
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Catalase, Chlorophyll, Fungicides, Industrial, Glutathione, Hydrogen Peroxide, Malondialdehyde, Nitric Oxide, Triticum, Oxidative Stress, Seedlings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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