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The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature
Abstract
Objective This article reviews the literature concerning the impact of exposure to domestic violence on the health and developmental well-being of children and young people. Impact is explored across four separate yet inter-related domains (domestic violence exposure and child abuse; impact on parental capacity; impact on child and adolescent development; and exposure to additional adversities), with potential outcomes and key messages concerning best practice responses to children's needs highlighted.Method A comprehensive search of identified databases was conducted within an 11-year framework (1995-2006). This yielded a vast literature which was selectively organized and analyzed according to the four domains identified above.Results This review finds that children and adolescents living with domestic violence are at increased risk of experiencing emotional, physical and sexual abuse, of developing emotional and behavioral problems and of increased exposure to the presence of other adversities in their lives. It also highlights a range of protective factors that can mitigate against this impact, in particular a strong relationship with and attachment to a caring adult, usually the mother.Conclusion Children and young people may be significantly affected by living with domestic violence, and impact can endure even after measures have been taken to secure their safety. It also concludes that there is rarely a direct causal pathway leading to a particular outcome and that children are active in constructing their own social world. Implications for interventions suggest that timely, appropriate and individually tailored responses need to build on the resilient blocks in the child's life.Practice implications This study illustrate the links between exposure to domestic violence, various forms of child abuse and other related adversities, concluding that such exposure may have a differential yet potentially deleterious impact for children and young people. From a resilient perspective this review also highlights range of protective factors that influence the extent of the impact of exposure and the subsequent outcomes for the child. This review advocates for a holistic and child-centered approach to service delivery, derived from an informed assessment, designed to capture a picture of the individual child's experience, and responsive to their individual needs.
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“Youths' relationships with their mothers or peers may mediate the effects of the domestic violence exposure (Camacho et al., 2012; Holt et al., 2008; Johnson & Lieberman, 2007; Owen et al., 2008).”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Holt et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Such associations between IPV exposure and negative outcomes persist into a child's adolescence and adulthood”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Holt et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“although we have more than three decades of research on the scope and consequences of children's exposure to domestic violence it is only within the last decade or so, that we have begun to acknowledge that children are indeed 'dynamic in their efforts to make sense of their experiences while navigating their way around the complexity and terror intrinsic to domestic violence' (p. 798).”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Holt et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“Holt et al. underline the fact that children are not just passive recipients of experience recipients who merely replicate and reproduce what they see, hear, taste, touch, and feel; they also interpret their experiences and use their interpretations to draw conclusions about self, others, and the world.”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Holt et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“This review, which also included research that was previously analyzed (for example, Kitzmann et al., 2003; Wolfe et al., 2003), focused specifically on those studies that examined children and young people's outcomes through reports, surveys, and other measures that directly involved these children and youth rather than eliciting the views of their parents, shelter workers, and other”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Holt et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“as children grow and develop, they shift and change their understanding of and their responses to exposure to domestic violence.”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Holt et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“Most of the existing literature which has explored the effects of domestic violence (DV) on children's social and emotional development has found detrimental effects on children's externalising and internalising behaviours (Carter et al., 2020;Holt et al., 2008;Huang et al., 2010;Liu et al., 2011;Muniz et al., 2019).”
From Risk and protective factors for children's psychopathology in the context of domestic violence – A study using nationally representative longitudinal survey data (2023) · cites this paper as Holt et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“We know that existing research has found that DV can affect children indirectly by affecting parental capacity (Cleaver et al., 2012;Holt et al., 2008).”
From Risk and protective factors for children's psychopathology in the context of domestic violence – A study using nationally representative longitudinal survey data (2023) · cites this paper as Holt et al., 2008
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Stylianou, A. M., Nikolova, K., Ebright, E., & Rodriguez, A. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520933047 · Cited by 5
Fettes, D. L., Aarons, G. A., Brew, V., Ledesma, K., & Silovsky, J. F. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00681-3 · Cited by 3
Hellman, C. M., Gwinn, C., Strack, G. B., Burke, M., Muñoz, R. T., Brady, S. R., Aguirre, N., & Aceves, Y. (2021) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-d-19-00123 · Cited by 3
Percepciones sobre la violencia contra la niñez y la adolescencia en Bolivia. Una visión sistémica
León, P. G., Losantos, E. M., Guillén, N., & Andrade, C. (2021) · Revista sobre la infancia y la adolescencia · doi:10.4995/reinad.2021.14086 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Holt, Stephanie
- ORCID
- Holt, Stephanie
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 797-810
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2006929969
- Cited by
- 1,489
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 130 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 103 · 2015: 102 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 33.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Research Board
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- domestic violence exposure, children exposed to domestic violence, child abuse, child development, adolescent development, parenting capacity, emotional and behavioral problems, protective factors, resilience, child-centered intervention, child welfare services
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior Disorders, Child Development, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Status, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence, Domestic Violence, Crime Victims, Adolescent Development, Resilience, Psychological
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