Cited by 204Child Welfare and AdoptionHomelessness and Social IssuesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Mental health and substance use disorders among foster youth transitioning to adulthood: Past research and future directions

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Havlicek, Judy R., Garcia, Antonio R., Smith, Douglas C.·2013·Children and Youth Services Review

DOI 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.10.003PMC PMC3677527

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Abstract

At a time when there is increasing attention being given to systematically integrating the well-being of children with the goals of safety and permanence in child welfare, little is known about the psychosocial functioning of foster youth transitioning to adulthood from substitute care. This article systematically reviews 17 peer-reviewed articles and/or research reports to identify lifetime and past year prevalence rates of mental health disorders and service utilization. At ages 17 or 18, foster youth are 2 to 4 times more likely to suffer from lifetime and/or past year mental health disorders compared to transition aged youth in the general population. Findings show that mental health service use declines at ages when the prevalence rate of mental health disorders is peaking. The findings of this review suggest the need to focus future efforts in three main areas: 1) Setting a common research agenda for the study of mental health and service use; 2) Routine screening and empirically supported treatments; and 3) Integration and planning between child and adult mental health service systems.

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Self-citation
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Unrealistic Expectations
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Copyright Page
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“I need someone to help. . . . I don’t know all this stuff”
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Keystone County
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What Were They Thinking?
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“One step at a time”: Youths’ Survival Strategies
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“Life’s a game”: A Capital Development Framework
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Prologue
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Realities of Aging Out
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Methods
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18 and Out
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A Call to Action
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Now and Later
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Epilogue
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“A to Z, we’ve been through it all”
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Notes
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Dedication
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Challenges to Helping Youth
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Additional file 1 of Protocol for a systematic review of policies, programs or interventions designed to improve health and wellbeing of young people leaving the out-of-home care system
Taylor, D., Shlonsky, A., Albers, B., Chakraborty, S., Lewis, J., Mendes, P., Macdonald, G., & Williams, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16544043
Additional file 2 of Protocol for a systematic review of policies, programs or interventions designed to improve health and wellbeing of young people leaving the out-of-home care system
Taylor, D., Shlonsky, A., Albers, B., Chakraborty, S., Lewis, J., Mendes, P., Macdonald, G., & Williams, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16544046
Perceived Supports and Barriers in Transitioning to Adulthood From Alternative Care: A Multinational Study of 962 Adults With Care Experience
Howard, A. R. H., Roberts, M., Muthui, P. K., Willams, P., & Wilke, N. G. (2025) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.70118
Youth in transition: an exploratory comparative analysis of outcomes for youth placed in kinship and non-kinship foster homes
Koh, E. H., Pérez, A. G., & Hong, H. G. (2026) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2026.2633413
The moderating role of school engagement on the relationship between childhood adversity and latent profiles of mental and behavioral health among child welfare-involved adolescents
Tomlinson, C. A., Murphy, J. L., Tinman, J. S., O’Connor, K. E., & Cage, J. L. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108852
Supporting Young People Leaving Out‐of‐Home Care: Perspectives of Young People and Their Out‐of‐Home Care Providers on the Milestone Program
Chan, S., Estill, A., Rawana, J. S., Lee, K., & Connolly, J. (2026) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.70165

Authors: Havlicek, J. R., Garcia, A. R., & Smith, D. C.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Havlicek, Judy R.
ORCID: Havlicek, Judy R.
Garcia, Antonio R.
Smith, Douglas C.
Venue: Children and Youth Services Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-01
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 194-203
ISSN: 0190-7409 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.10.003
PMC: PMC3677527
OpenAlex: W2082368615
Cited by: 204
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 17.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Children and Youth Services Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K23AA017702)
National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019960)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: foster youth, coming of age, mental illness, substance use disorders, child welfare, mental health service utilization, prevalence rates, psychosocial functioning, screening, empirically supported treatments

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Mental health and substance use disorders among foster youth transitioning to adulthood: Past research and future directions

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