Calcium-Calmodulin-Calcineurin Signaling: A Globally Conserved Virulence Cascade in Eukaryotic Microbial Pathogens
Open accessAbstract
Calcium is an abundant intracellular ion, and calcium homeostasis plays crucial roles in several cellular processes. The calcineurin signaling cascade is one of the major pathways governed by intracellular calcium. Calcineurin, a conserved protein from yeast to humans, is a calcium-calmodulin-dependent serine-threonine-specific phosphatase that orchestrates cellular stress responses. In eukaryotic microbial pathogens, calcineurin controls essential virulence pathways, such as the ability to grow at host temperature, morphogenesis to enable invasive hyphal growth, drug tolerance and resistance, cell wall integrity, and sexual development. Therefore, the calcineurin cascade is an attractive target in drug development against eukaryotic pathogens. In the present review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the roles of calcineurin in eukaryotic microbial pathogens, focusing on fungi and parasitic protists.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The role of calcineurin in drug tolerance, persistence, and stable resistance is documented.
“While its role in drug tolerance, persistence, and stable resistance is documented [19, 20, 21, 22]”
From Calcineurin‐Dependent Stress Adaptation Enables Caspofungin Heteroresistance Leading to Stable Resistance in <i>Candida Glabrata</i> (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) explicitly identify drug tolerance as a process governed by calcineurin. The discussion of calcineurin as an antifungal drug target describes effects of its inhibitors, but our copy does not document a role in persistence or stable resistance. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Calcium's Role in Mechanotransduction during Muscle Development
Damm, T. B., & Egli, M. (2014) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000356667 · Cited by 14,548 · see citing works
Clapham, D. E. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.028 · Cited by 4,175 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem
Pfaller, M. A., & Diekema, D. J. (2007) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00029-06 · Cited by 4,174 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Candida species are components of the human microbiota that colonize the mucosal surfaces of humans, and also cause superficial and invasive systemic fungal diseases (Pfaller and Diekema, 2007).”
BackgroundEmerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health
Fisher, M. C., Henk, D. A., Briggs, C. J., Brownstein, J. S., Madoff, L. C., McCraw, S. L., & Gurr, S. J. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10947 · Cited by 3,310 · see citing works
Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT
Hogan, P. G., Chen, L., Nardone, J., & Rao, A. (2003) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1102703 · Cited by 1,991 · see citing works
Calcineurin: Form and Function
Rusnak, F. M., & Mertz, P. S. (2000) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1483 · Cited by 1,375 · see citing works
Calcium signaling: A tale for all seasons
Carafoli, E. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.032427999 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
The Mechanism of Action of Cyclosporin A and FK506
Ho, S. N., Clipstone, N. A., Timmermann, L., Northrop, J. P., Graef, I. A., Fiorentino, D. F., Nourse, J., & Crabtree, G. R. (1996) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1006/clin.1996.0140 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Combination antifungal therapy
Johnson, M. D., MacDougall, C., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Perfect, J. R., & Rex, J. H. (2004) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.48.3.693-715.2004 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Balaji, S. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki709 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans
Odom, A., Muir, S., Lim, E., Toffaletti, D. L., Perfect, J., & Heitman, J. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.10.2576 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Self-citationCowen, L. E., Singh, S. D., Köhler, J. R., Collins, C., Zaas, A. K., Schell, W. A., Aziz, H., Mylonakis, E., Perfect, J. R., Whitesell, L., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0813394106 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Yoshimoto, H., Saltsman, K., Gasch, A. P., Li, H. X., Ogawa, N., Botstein, D., Brown, P. O., & Cyert, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m202718200 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Interaction of calcineurin with substrates and targeting proteins
Li, H., Rao, A., & Hogan, P. G. (2010) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.09.011 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Calcineurin is essential for survival during membrane stress in Candida albicans
Cruz, M. C., Goldstein, A. L., Blankenship, J. R., Del Poeta, M., Davis, D., Cardenas, M. E., Perfect, J. R., McCusker, J. H., & Heitman, J. (2002) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/21.4.546 · Cited by 342 · cited 1× · see citing works
“albicans, calcineurin inhibitors can perturb biosynthesis of the membrane lipid ergosterol, and combination of calcineurin inhibitors with membrane fluconazole is highly synergistic for fungicidal activity (Cruz et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCalcineurin inhibitors: 40 years later, can’t live without
Azzi, J. R., Sayegh, M. H., & Mallat, S. G. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1390055 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Calcineurin signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: how yeast go crazy in response to stress.
Cyert, M. S. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01552-3 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Calcium-Dependent Signaling and Kinases in Apicomplexan Parasites
Billker, O., Lourido, S., & Sibley, L. D. (2009) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2009.05.017 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Harnessing calcineurin as a novel anti-infective agent against invasive fungal infections.
Steinbach, W. J., Reedy, J. L., Cramer, R. A., Perfect, J. R., & Heitman, J. (2007) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1680 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Calcineurin signaling and NFAT activation in cardiovascular and skeletal muscle development
Schulz, R. A., & Yutzey, K. E. (2003) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.10.008 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Calcineurin Controls Growth, Morphology, and Pathogenicity in <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>
Steinbach, W. J., Cramer, R. A., Perfect, B. Z., Asfaw, Y. G., Sauer, T. C., Najvar, L. K., Kirkpatrick, W. R., Patterson, T. F., Benjamin, D. K., Heitman, J., et al. (2006) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00139-06 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationSingh, N., Aguado, J. M., Bonatti, H., Forrest, G. N., Gupta, K. L., Safdar, N., John, G. T., Pursell, K. J., Muñóz, P., Patel, R., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/605445 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Calcineurin Is Essential for <i>Candida albicans</i> Survival in Serum and Virulence
Blankenship, J. R., Wormley, F. L., Boyce, M. K., Schell, W. A., Filler, S. G., Perfect, J. R., & Heitman, J. (2003) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.2.3.422-430.2003 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationCross‐species discovery of syncretic drug combinations that potentiate the antifungal fluconazole
Spitzer, M., Griffiths, E., Blakely, K. M., Wildenhain, J., Ejim, L., Rossi, L., De Pascale, G., Curak, J., Brown, E., Tyers, M., et al. (2011) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2011.31 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Lee, S. C., Li, A., Calo, S., & Heitman, J. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003625 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationJuvvadi, P. R., Lee, S. C., Heitman, J., & Steinbach, W. J. (2016) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1201250 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationDel Poeta, M., Cruz, M. C., Cardenas, M. E., Perfect, J. R., & Heitman, J. (2000) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.44.3.739-746.2000 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Schumacher, J., Fernandez-de-Larrinoa, Í., & Tudzynski, B. (2008) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00426-07 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Calcineurin-Crz1 Signaling in Lower Eukaryotes
Thewes, S. (2014) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00038-14 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Drug resistance in eukaryotic microorganisms
Fairlamb, A. H., Gow, N. A. R., Matthews, K. R., & Waters, A. P. (2016) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.92 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Cruz, M. C., Fox, D. S., & Heitman, J. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.5.1020 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationThe calcineurin-NFAT pathway and muscle fiber-type gene expression
Swoap, S. J., Hunter, R. B., Stevenson, E. J., et al. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.4.c915 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Good fungi gone bad: The corruption of calcineurin
Fox, D. S., & Heitman, J. (2002) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.10157 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationChoi, J., Kim, Y., Kim, S., Park, J., & Lee, Y. (2008) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2008.11.010 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cardenas, M. E., Muir, R. S., Breuder, T., & Heitman, J. (1995) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07277.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationPhilip, N., & Waters, A. P. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.018 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Harel, A., Bercovich, S., & Yarden, O. (2006) · Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions · doi:10.1094/mpmi-19-0682 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Zhao, Q., Liu, K., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., & Zheng, X. (2009) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01524.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Goldman, A., Roy, J., Bodenmiller, B., Wanka, S., Landry, C. R., Aebersold, R., & Cyert, M. S. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.012 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Calcineurin controls drug tolerance, hyphal growth, and virulence in Candida dubliniensis
Chen, Y.-L., Brand, A., Morrison, E. L., Silao, F. G. S., Bigol, U. G., Malbas, F. F., Nett, J. E., Andes, D. R., Solis, N. V., Filler, S. G., et al. (2011) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00310-10 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationButts, A., Koselny, K., Chabrier-Roselló, Y., Semighini, C. P., Brown, J. C. S., Wang, X., Annadurai, S., DiDone, L., Tabroff, J., Childers, W. E., et al. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00765-13 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationChow, E. W. L., Clancey, S. A., Billmyre, R. B., Averette, A. F., Granek, J. A., Mieczkowski, P. A., Cardenas, M. E., & Heitman, J. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006667 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationParasite Calcineurin Regulates Host Cell Recognition and Attachment by Apicomplexans
Paul, A. S., Saha, S., Engelberg, K., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.06.003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Chen, Y.-L., Konieczka, J. H., Springer, D. J., Bowen, S. E., Zhang, J., Silao, F. G. S., Bungay, A. A. C., Bigol, U. G., Nicolas, M. G., Abraham, S. N., et al. (2012) · G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.112.002279 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationCalcineurin Targets Involved in Stress Survival and Fungal Virulence
Hee-Soo, P., Chow, E. W. L., Fu, C., Soderblom, E. J., Moseley, M. A., Heitman, J., & Cardenas, M. E. (2016) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005873 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, S. C., Li, A., Calo, S., Inoue, M., Tonthat, N. K., Bain, J. M., Louw, J., Shinohara, M. L., Erwig, L. P., Schumacher, M. A., et al. (2015) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.13071 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationMukherjee, A., & Soto, C. A. (2011) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.12.006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Stull, J. T. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r000030200 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Intracellular calcium signaling
Nowycky, M. C., & Thomas, A. P. (2002) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00078 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Fungal adaptation to the mammalian host: it is a new world, after all
Cooney, N. M., & Klein, B. S. (2008) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.018 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Calcineurin Controls Hyphal Growth, Virulence, and Drug Tolerance of Candida tropicalis
Chen, Y., Yu, S.-J., Huang, H., Chang, Y.-L., Lehman, V. N., Silao, F. G. S., Bigol, U. G., Bungay, A. A. C., Averette, A. F., & Heitman, J. (2014) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00302-13 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationXiong, D., Wang, Y., Tang, C., Fang, Y., Zou, J., & Tian, C. (2015) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.07.011 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Lewis, R. E., Ben‐Ami, R., Best, L., Albert, N. D., Walsh, T. J., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2012) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jis767 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Involvement of the Mid1/Cch1/Yvc1 Calcium Channels in Aspergillus fumigatus Virulence
de Castro, P. A., Chiaratto, J., Winkelströter, L. K., Bom, V. L. P., Ramalho, L. N. Z., Goldman, M. H. S., Brown, N. A., & Goldman, G. H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103957 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kozubowski, L., Aboobakar, E. F., Cardenas, M. E., & Heitman, J. (2011) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.05087-11 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationCalcineurin signaling: lessons from Candida species
Yu, S.-J., Chang, Y.-L., & Chen, Y. (2015) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1093/femsyr/fov016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Calcineurin Governs Thermotolerance and Virulence ofCryptococcus gattii
Chen, Y., Lehman, V. N., Lewit, Y., Averette, A. F., & Heitman, J. (2013) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.112.004242 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationIn VitroandIn VivoAssessment of FK506 Analogs as Novel Antifungal Drug Candidates
Lee, Y., Lee, K.-T., Lee, S. J., Beom, J. Y., Hwangbo, A., Jung, J. A., Song, M., Yoo, Y. J., Kang, S. H., Averette, A. F., et al. (2018) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01627-18 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationCalcium storage and function in apicomplexan parasites
Moreno, S. N. J., Ayong, L. S., & Pace, D. A. (2011) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0510097 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Li, F., Wang, Z., Zhang, L.-B., Ying, S., & Feng, M. (2014) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6124-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Naderer, T., Dandash, O., & McConville, M. J. (2011) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07584.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Guo, J., Voegele, R. T., Zhang, J., Duan, Y., Luo, H., & Kang, Z. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049262 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Du, M., Luo, S., & Xia, Y. (2014) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5876-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Egan, J. D., García‐Pedrajas, M. D., Andrews, D. L., & Gold, S. E. (2009) · Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions · doi:10.1094/mpmi-22-10-1293 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Shirazi, F., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2013) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00138-13 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Calcineurin B of the human protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is involved in cell invasion
Araya, J. E., Cornejo, A., Orrego, P. R., Cordero, E. M., Cortéz, M., Olivares, H., Neira, I., Sagua, H., da Silveira, J. F., Yoshida, N., et al. (2008) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2008.05.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Huang, S., He, Z., Zhang, S., Keyhani, N. O., Song, Y., Yang, Z., Jiang, Y., Zhang, W., Pei, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2015) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.08.009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gao, Y., Li, W., Liu, X., et al. (2014) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2936 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Juvvadi, P. R., & Steinbach, W. J. (2015) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens4040883 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fu, C., Donadio, N., Cardenas, M. E., & Heitman, J. (2017) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.117.300422 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationTsai, H.-C., & Chung, K.-R. (2014) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.077818-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Singh, S., More, K. R., & Chitnis, C. E. (2013) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.12177 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A calcineurin antifungal strategy with analogs of FK506
Nambu, M. D., Covel, J. A., Kapoor, M., Li, X., Moloney, M. K., Numa, M. M. D., Soltow, Q. A., Trzoss, M., Webb, P. J., Webb, R. R., et al. (2017) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Comparative analysis of calcineurin signaling betweenCandida dubliniensisandCandida albicans
Zhang, J., Heitman, J., & Chen, Y. (2012) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.4161/cib.18833 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHe, F., Zhang, X., Mafurah, J. J., Zhang, M., Qian, G., Wang, R., Safdar, A., Yang, X., Liu, F., & Dou, D. (2016) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.018 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Vu, K., Bautos, J. M., & Gelli, A. (2015) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00100-15 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Role of calmodulin and calcineurin in regulating flagellar motility and wave polarity in Leishmania
Mukhopadhyay, A. G., & Dey, C. S. (2017) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5608-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Heitman, J., Cardenas, M. E., Breuder, T., et al. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAhn, I., & Suh, S. (2007) · Phytopathology · doi:10.1094/phyto-97-3-0331 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Genetic and Phenotypic analyses of Calcineurin A subunit inArthroderma vanbreuseghemii
Alshahni, M. M., Shimizu, K., Yoshimoto, M., Yamada, T., Nishiyama, Y., Arai, T., & Makimura, K. (2015) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myv088 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Liu, S., Nian, H., & Chen, L. (2017) · BMC Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0350-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Quiet and Underappreciated Rise of Drug-Resistant Invasive Fungal Pathogens
Arastehfar, A., Lass-Flörl, C., Garcia-Rubio, R., Daneshnia, F., Ilkit, M., Boekhout, T., Gabaldon, T., & Perlin, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6030138 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The role of Candida albicans stress response pathways in antifungal tolerance and resistance
Iyer, K. R., Robbins, N., & Cowen, L. E. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103953 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
New antifungal strategies: Drug combination and co-delivery
Zhu, P., Li, Y., Guo, T., Liu, S., Tancer, R. J., Hu, C., Zhao, C., Xue, C., & Liao, G. (2023) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2023.114874 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Decoding the Rosetta stone of mitonuclear communication
English, J., Son, J. M., Cardamone, M. D., Lee, C., & Perissi, V. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105161 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Su, Y., Li, Y., Xiao, M., Guo, D., Perlin, D. S., Shor, E., Xu, Y., & Li, Y. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.76369 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Park, H.-S., Lee, S. C., Cardenas, M. E., & Heitman, J.
- Affiliations
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heitman, Joseph
- Venue
- Cell Host & Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 453-462
- ISSN
- 1931-3128 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6788756
- OpenAlex
- W2980031813
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Host & Microbe (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI50438-10)
- Max and Minnie Tomerlin Voelcker Fund
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
- Korea Food Research Institute
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1F1A1048574)
- National Cancer Institute (P01 AI104533-05, R01 AI112595-04, R01 CA154499, R03 AI119617, R21 AI141080-01)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- calcineurin, calcium signaling, calmodulin, fungal virulence, parasitic protists, hyphal morphogenesis, drug tolerance, cell wall integrity, sexual development, antifungal drug targets
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Calcium, Calmodulin, DNA-Binding Proteins, Fungi, Humans, Parasites, Transcription Factors, Virulence, Signal Transduction, Calcineurin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
