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Cited by 145Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchEnvironmental remediation with nanomaterialsAdsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal

Natural and engineered clays and clay minerals for the removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances from water: State-of-the-art and future perspectives

Mukhopadhyay, Raj, Sarkar, Binoy, Palansooriya, Kumuduni Niroshika, Dar, Jaffer Yousuf, Bolan, Nanthi S., Parikh, Sanjai J., Sonne, Christian, Ok, Yong Sik·2021·Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
DOI 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102537
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Abstract

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present globally in drinking-, waste-, and groundwater sources are contaminants of emerging concern due to their long-term environmental persistence and toxicity to organisms, including humans. Here we review PFAS occurrence, behavior, and toxicity in various water sources, and critically discuss their removal via mineral adsorbents, including natural aluminosilicate clay minerals, oxidic clays (Al, Fe, and Si oxides), organoclay minerals, and clay-polymer and clay‑carbon (biochar and graphene oxide) composite materials. Among the many remediation technologies, such as reverse osmosis, adsorption, advanced oxidation and biologically active processes, adsorption is the most suitable for PFAS removal in aquatic systems. Treatment strategies using clay minerals and oxidic clays are inexpensive, eco-friendly, and efficient for bulk PFAS removal due to their high surface areas, porosity, and high loading capacity. A comparison of partition coefficient values calculated from extracted data in published literature indicate that organically-modified clay minerals are the best-performing adsorbent for PFAS removal. In this review, we scrutinize the corresponding plausible mechanisms, factors, and challenges affecting the PFAS removal processes, demonstrating that modified clay minerals (e.g., surfactant, amine), including some commercially available products (e.g., FLUORO-SORB®, RemBind®, matCARE™), show good efficacy in PFAS remediation in contaminated media under field conditions. Finally, we propose future research to focus on the challenges of using clay-based adsorbents for PFAS removal from contaminated water due to the regeneration and safe-disposal of spent clay adsorbents is still a major issue, whilst enhancing the PFAS removal efficiency should be an ongoing scientific effort.

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  • RemBindTM is high in clay content and is thus applied in the field as powder-coated onto rock aggregates with diameters ranging from 1-2 inches.

    “RemBind™ is high in clay content and is thus applied in the field as powder-coated onto rock aggregates with diameters ranging from 1–2″.23”

    From Evaluation of sorbents and matrix effects for treating heavy metals and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances as co-contaminants in stormwater (2023) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 6 (pp. 31–32) identifies RemBind as a kaolinite-containing adsorbent and says it has been combined with AquaGate, which has a powder coating and aggregated core, for in situ remediation. It does not say RemBind is high in clay content, that clay content is why it is applied this way, or that the aggregates are rock with diameters of 1–2 inches. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • RemBindTM is a GAC blended with kaolite clay, has a net positive charge that gives it anion exchange capacity, and can retain PFAS via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.

    “Calgon F400 is a GAC that adsorbs PFAS via hydrophobic interactions,35 while RemBind™ is a GAC blended with kaolite clay, which has a net positive charge that gives RemBind™ anion exchange capacity, and thus the capability to retain PFAS via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.23”

    From Evaluation of sorbents and matrix effects for treating heavy metals and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances as co-contaminants in stormwater (2023) · cites this paper as [23]

    Section 6 (pp. 31–32) describes RemBind as containing kaolinite, activated carbon, and aluminum hydroxide, and attributes PFAS adsorption to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Section 3.2.5 (p. 19) also identifies it as an activated-carbon/clay/alumina adsorbent. But the paper does not identify RemBind as specifically GAC or assign it anion-exchange capacity; Section 3.1.1 (p. 11) says kaolinite is net negatively charged at pH 5–7, contrary to the claimed positive charge of the clay. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Mukhopadhyay, R., Sarkar, B., Palansooriya, K. N., Dar, J. Y., Bolan, N. S., Parikh, S. J., Sonne, C., & Ok, Y. S.
Affiliations
  • Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (IN)
  • Lancaster University (GB)
  • Korea University (KR)
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
  • Aarhus University (DK)
Corresponding author
  • Sarkar, Binoy
  • Ok, Yong Sik
ORCID
Venue
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-11
Volume
297
Pages
102537
ISSN
0001-8686 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cis.2021.102537
OpenAlex
W3202604696
Cited by
145
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Advances in Colloid and Interface Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (acceptedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
  • NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Lancaster University
  • Rural Development Administration (PJ01475801)
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015R1A2A2A11001432)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Keywords
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS removal, clay minerals, adsorption, surfactant-modified clay, polymer-clay composites, biochar, graphene oxide, drinking water treatment, groundwater contamination, adsorbent regeneration, partition coefficient

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