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The relationship between BMI and percent body fat, measured by bioelectrical impedance, in a large adult sample is curvilinear and influenced by age and sex
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to establish the effects of age, gender and age-gender interactions on BMI-% fat relationships over a wide range of BMI and age. It also aimed to examine controversies regarding linear or curvilinear BMI-% fat relationships.Methods Body composition was measured using validated bio-impedance equipment (Bodystat) in a large self-selected sample of 23,627 UK adults aged 18-99 (99% ≤70) years, of which 11,582 were males with a mean BMI of 26.3±4.7 (sd) kg/m(2), and 12,044 females, with a mean BMI of 25.7±5.1 kg/m(2). Multiple regression analysis was used.Results BMI progressively increased with age in women and plateaued between 40 and 70 years in men. At a fixed BMI, body fat mass increased with age (1.9 kg/decade), as did % fat (1.1-1.4% per decade). The relationship between BMI and % fat was found to be curvilinear (quadratic) rather than linear, with a weaker association at lower BMI. There was also a small but significant age-gender interaction.Conclusion The association between BMI and % body fat is not strong, particularly in the desirable BMI range, is curvilinear rather than linear, and is affected by age.
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“Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2, as this threshold can accurately predict BF% in older people [32].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP i ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Meeuwsen, S., Horgan, G. W., & Elia, M.
- Affiliations
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Elia, M.
- ORCID
- Horgan, G.W.
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 560-566
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044264137
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Scottish Government
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass, bioimpedance, body composition, curvilinear relationship, age effects, sex differences, age-gender interaction, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Thinness, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Young Adult
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