Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys.

Sun, Shumei S; Chumlea, W Cameron; Heymsfield, Steven B; Lukaski, Henry C; Schoeller, Dale; Friedl, Karl; Kuczmarski, Robert J; Flegal, Katherine M; Johnson, Clifford L; Hubbard, Van S

doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.2.331

Cited by 701Body Composition Measurement TechniquesElectrical and Bioimpedance TomographyObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys.

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Sun, Shumei S, Chumlea, W Cameron, Heymsfield, Steven B, Lukaski, Henry C, Schoeller, Dale, Friedl, Karl, Kuczmarski, Robert J, Flegal, Katherine M +2 more·2003·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/77.2.331

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Abstract

Background Previous studies to develop and validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations to predict body composition were limited by small sample sizes, sex specificity, and reliance on reference methods that use a 2-component model. Objective This study was designed to develop sex-specific BIA equations to predict total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) with the use of a multicomponent model for children and adults. Design Data from 5 centers were pooled to create a sample of 1474 whites and 355 blacks aged 12-94 y. TBW was measured by dilution, and FFM was estimated with a multicomponent model based on densitometry, isotope dilution, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results The final race-combined TBW prediction equations included stature(2)/resistance and body weight (R(2) = 0.84 and 0.79 and root mean square errors of 3.8 and 2.6 L for males and females, respectively; CV: 8%) and tended to underpredict TBW in black males (2.0 L) and females (1.4 L) and to overpredict TBW in white males (0.5 L) and females (0.3 L). The race-combined FFM prediction equations contained the same independent variables (R(2) = 0.90 and 0.83 and root mean square errors of 3.9 and 2.9 kg for males and females, respectively; CV: approximately 6%) and tended to underpredict FFM in black males (2.1 kg) and females (1.6 kg) and to overpredict FFM in white males (0.4 kg) and females (0.3 kg). Conclusion These equations have excellent precision and are recommended for use in epidemiologic studies to describe normal levels of body composition.

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The use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted.
“Although DXA cannot be considered the gold standard for the determination of FFM at the molecular level, and the four-compartment model (4C) is the most suitable reference method to assess FM and FFM at the molecular level (12), due to the complexity of the technique (13), the use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted (14, 15).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
When comparing the predicted mean FFM values with those obtained by the reference technique, only two equations showed no significant difference.
“When comparing the predicted mean FFM values with those obtained by the reference technique, only two equations showed no significant difference (15, 42).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
All equations, including the two that showed no significant difference, showed high limits of agreement.
“However, all equations, including these two (15, 42), showed high limits of agreement, limiting their use at the individual level, for the subjects of this study.”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Other studies that proposed predictive equations of FFM by BIA in adolescents also did not include pubertal stage in their models.
“The same was verified in the other studies that proposed predictive equations of FFM by BIA in adolescents, which we tested for validity in the sample of this study (15, 23, 24, 40–44).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
All parameters used for the proposition and cross-validation of the model confirmed their validity for the studied population.
“and all parameters used for the proposition and cross-validation of the model confirmed their validity for the studied population (15, 37–39, 57)”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]

The use of predictive equations in subjects with different characteristics from those of the group of origin of the equations is questionable.
“Although the use of predictive equations in subjects with different characteristics from those presented by the group of origin of the equations is questionable (15)”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Due to the complexity of the 4C technique, the use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted.
“However, due to the complexity of the technique (13), the use of DXA to derive BIA equations has been widely accepted (14, 15).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Sun, Ainsworth, and Wang equations included individuals from all weight ranges; Jakicic's sample was exclusively obese; Hortobagyi included college athletes.
“In addition, the Sun (7), Ainsworth (8), and Wang (9) equations included individuals from all weight ranges, whereas Jakicic's (4) sample was exclusively obese, and Hortobagyi (10) included college athletes.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
Sun noted their generalized equation better estimated body composition in the white sample and would likely underestimate %BF in African Americans.
“Furthermore, Sun (7) noted that their generalized equation (developed on a sample across a wide range of body weights) better estimated body composition in the white sample and that the equation would likely underestimate percentage BF (%BF) in African Americans.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
Sun developed one equation intended for use across ethnic groups, while other equations are ethnicity-specific.
“Sun (7) developed one equation that could be used across ethnic groups, whereas the other equations are separate based on ethnicity.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
The study tested its equations against earlier published BIA equations whose development samples Dioum et al. assumed included at least some black participants.
“Performance of developed equations for the prediction of FFM was also tested using all available data (n=362) against previously published equations derived using participant samples which were assumed by Dioum et al. to consist of at least some ethnically black participants (5, 24–32).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [31]

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“AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY 22:639–647 (2010) VC 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. widely implemented in clinical and research settings (Ellis et al., 1999; Pietrobelli et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Fundamentals, Recent Advances, and Future Challenges in Bioimpedance Devices for Healthcare Applications
Naranjo-Hernández, D., Reina‐Tosina, J., & Min, M. (2019) · Journal of Sensors · doi:10.1155/2019/9210258 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Estimates of excess deaths associated with body mass index and other anthropometric variables
Flegal, K. M., & Graubard, B. I. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26698 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citation
D3‐Creatine dilution and the importance of accuracy in the assessment of skeletal muscle mass
Evans, W. J., Hellerstein, M. K., ORWOLL, E. S., Cummings, S., & Cawthon, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12390 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Comparison of PAEE from Combined and Separate Heart Rate and Movement Models in Children
Corder, K., Brage, S., Wareham, N. J., & Ekelund, U. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000176466.78408.cc · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Link between gut microbiota and health outcomes in inulin -treated obese patients: Lessons from the Food4Gut multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial
Hiel, S., Gianfrancesco, M. A., Rodriguez, J., Portheault, D., Leyrolle, Q., Bindels, L. B., Cauduro, C. G. D. S., Mulders, M. D. G. H., Zamariola, G., Azzi, A., et al. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.005 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Classification of Hydration in Clinical Conditions: Indirect and Direct Approaches Using Bioimpedance
Lukaski, H. C., Díaz, N. V., Talluri, A., & Nescolarde, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040809 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“[20] derived and validated TBW prediction equations in a large sample of healthy adults of diverse ethnicity: Males: TBW (L) = 0.”
MethodSelf-citation
Body composition determination by bioimpedance: an update
Jaffrin, M. Y. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32832da22c · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Body Fat and Vitamin D Status in Black Versus White Women
Looker, A. C. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1765 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Total body water and fat-free mass (FFM) were calculated from Res measurements using prediction equations that have been validated and published for NHANES III previously (16).”
MethodInfluential
Physical Activity and Metabolic Risk in Individuals With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes
Ekelund, U., Griffin, S. J., & Wareham, N. J. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1883 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
New Frontiers of Body Composition in Sport
Lukaski, H., & Raymond-Pope, C. J. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1373-5881 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citation
Body fat percentage, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular disease
Myint, P. K., Kwok, C. S., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., & Khaw, K. (2014) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305816 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children: a randomized controlled trial
Benson, A. C., Torode, M. E., & Singh, M. A. F. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Adiposity, asthma, and airway inflammation
McLachlan, C. R., Poulton, R., Car, G., Cowan, J. O., Filsell, S., Greene, J. M., Taylor, D. R., Welch, D., Williamson, A., Sears, M. R., et al. (2006) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.029 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Gut microbiota, dietary intakes and intestinal permeability reflected by serum zonulin in women
Mörkl, S., Lackner, S., Meinitzer, A., Mangge, H., Lehofer, M., Halwachs, B., Gorkiewicz, G., Kashofer, K., Painold, A., Holl, A. K., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1784-0 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Alleviation of Sleep Apnea in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure by Nocturnal Cycler–Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis Compared with Conventional Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Tang, S. C. W., LAM, B. K., Ku, P. P., Leung, W. S., Chu, C., Ho, Y. W., Ip, M., & Lai, K. N. (2006) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2005090936 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“was computed as described elsewhere (12) and as applied in PD pa-”
Method
Correlation of visceral body fat with waist–hip ratio, waist circumference and body mass index in healthy adults: A cross sectional study
Gadekar, T., Dudeja, P., Basu, I., Vashisht, S., & Mukherji, S. (2018) · Medical Journal Armed Forces India · doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2017.12.001 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Body Composition in Athletes: Assessment and Estimated Fatness
Malina, R. M. (2007) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2006.11.004 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Bioelectric impedance vector distribution in peritoneal dialysis patients with different hydration status
Piccoli, A., & for the Italian CAPD-BIA Study Group (2004) · Kidney International · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00467.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Influence of gender and body composition on hydration and body water spaces
Ritz, P., Vol, S., Berrut, G., Tack, I., Arnaud, M. J., & Tichet, J. (2008) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.07.010 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Measures of adiposity in the identification of metabolic abnormalities in elderly men
Wannamethee, S. G., Shaper, A. G., Morris, R. W., & Whincup, P. H. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1313 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Cachexia in cancer: what is in the definition?
Vanhoutte, G., van de Wiel, M., Wouters, K., Sels, M., Bartolomeeussen, L., Keersmaecker, S. D., Verschueren, C., Vroey, V. D., Wilde, A. D., Smits, E., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open Gastroenterology · doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2016-000097 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Despite the fact that BIA might provide less information than imaging methods such as MRI and CT,(21) its low cost and simplicity makes it clearly an opportunity to implement in clinical practice.(18) Future directions: beyond the definition of Evans et al Monitoring the nutritional health status of the patient with c…”
Method
Percentage body fat ranges associated with metabolic syndrome risk: results based on the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994)
Zhu, S., Wang, Z., Shen, W., Heymsfield, S. B., & Heshka, S. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.2.228 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citation
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) for the Assessment of Body Composition in Oncology: A Scoping Review
Branco, M. G., Mateus, C., Capelas, M. L., Pimenta, N. M., Santos, T., Mäkitie, A. A., Ganhão-Arranhado, S., Trabulo, C., & Ravasco, P. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15224792 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Body composition and wages
Wada, R., & Tekin, E. (2010) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2010.02.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Measures of Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Menke, A., Muntner, P., Wildman, R. P., Reynolds, K., & He, J. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.593 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“(26) described the prediction equations as having overall excellent performance in whites and blacks.”
Background
Validity and Reliability of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Skinfold Thickness in Predicting Body Fat in Military Personnel
Aandstad, A., Holtberget, K., Hageberg, R., Holme, I., & Anderssen, S. A. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00545 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“The DXA algorithm assumes a constant hydration of the FFM, which is not always true.(29) In addition, different DXA machines and software might produce significantly different figures for the various body composition components.”
Background
Estimation of total-body and limb muscle mass in hemodialysis patients by using multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy
Kaysen, G. A., Zhu, F., Sarkar, S. R., Heymsfield, S. B., Wong, J., Kaitwatcharachai, C., Kuhlmann, M. K., & Levin, N. W. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.5.988 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a β-hydroxyl β-methyl butyrate, glutamine, and arginine mixture for the treatment of cancer cachexia (RTOG 0122)
Berk, L. B., James, J., Schwartz, A. L., Hug, E. B., Mahadevan, A., Samuels, M. A., & Kachnic, L. A. (2008) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-008-0403-7 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Lean body mass (LBM) was calculated using the Sun equations based on the reported resistance and reactance measured by bioimpedance (BIA) using the RJL Quantum II unit [18].”
Method
The centenary of the Harris–Benedict equations: How to assess energy requirements best? Recommendations from the ESPEN expert group
Bendavid, I., Lobo, D. N., Barazzoni, R., Cederholm, T., Coëffier, M., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., Fontaine, E. M., Hiesmayr, M., Laviano, A., Pichard, C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.012 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Bioelectrical impedance analysis versus reference methods in the assessment of body composition in athletes
Campa, F., Gobbo, L. A., Stagi, S., Cyrino, L. T., Toselli, S., Marini, E., & Coratella, G. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04879-y · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“In contrast, the use of generalized predictive equations (Kushner and Schoeller 1986; Van Loan and Mayclin 1987; Lukaski and Bolonchuk 1988; Kushner et al. 1992; Sergi et al. 1994; Schoeller and Luke 2000; Morgenstern et al. 2002; Sun et al. 2003) led to an overall underestimation of the body fluids.”
Background
Measuring nutritional status in children with chronic kidney disease
Foster, B. J., & Leonard, M. B. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.4.801 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Validation of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Adolescents Across Different Ethnic Groups
Haroun, D., Taylor, S. J., Viner, R., Hayward, R. S., Darch, T. S., Eaton, S. D., Cole, T. J., & Wells, J. C. K. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.344 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Body Composition Assessment for Development of an International Growth Standard for Preadolescent and Adolescent Children
Lohman, T. G., & Going, S. B. (2006) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/15648265060274s512 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“[59] with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III for weight, stature, and BIA, estimated TBW, FFM, FM, and percent body fat for 12- to 19.”
Method
Estimation of total body water and extracellular water with bioimpedance in athletes: A need for athlete-specific prediction models
Matias, C. N., Santos, D. A., Júdice, P. B., Magalhães, J. P., Minderico, C. S., Fields, D. A., Lukaski, H. C., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.013 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Predictors and relationships of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration with bone turnover markers, bone mineral density, and vitamin D receptor genotype in Emirati women
Saadi, H., Nagelkerke, N. J. D., Benedict, S., Qazaq, H. S., Zilahi, E., Mohamadiyeh, M. K., & Al-Suhaili, A. I. (2006) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.010 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Body fat content was estimated by bioelectric impedance (BIA-101A, RJL Systems; USA) using published equations [20].”
Method
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with excessive calorie intake rather than a distinctive dietary pattern
Wehmeyer, M. H., Zyriax, B., Jagemann, B., Roth, E., Windler, E. E. T., Wiesch, J. S. Z., Lohse, A. W., & Kluwe, J. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003887 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Body fatness and sex steroid hormone concentrations in US men: results from NHANES III
Rohrmann, S., Shiels, M. S., López, D. S., Rifai, N., Nelson, W. G., Kanarek, N., Güallar, E., Menke, A., Joshu, C. E., Feinleib, M., et al. (2011) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9790-z · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Validated prediction equations using height and weight were used to convert whole body electrical resistance at 50 kHz to percent body fat [13].”
Diagnosing Obesity by Body Mass Index in Chronic Kidney Disease
Agarwal, R., Bills, J. E., & Light, R. P. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.160747 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Assessment of analytical methods used to measure changes in body composition in the elderly and recommendations for their use in phase II clinical trials
Lustgarten, M. S., & Fielding, R. A. (2011) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0049-x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“, the reduction of fat-free mass and total body water that occurs with age (85).”
Background
Dietary treatment in phenylketonuria does not lead to increased risk of obesity or metabolic syndrome
Rocha, J. C., van Spronsen, F. J., Almeida, M., Soares, G. M., Quelhas, D., Ramos, E., Guimarães, J. T., & Borges, N. (2012) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.10.006 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with overweight and obesity.
Sharafi, S. E., Garmaroudi, G., Ghafouri, M., Bafghi, S. A., Ghafouri, M., Tabesh, M. R., & Alizadeh, Z. (2020) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100169 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Body composition assessment using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in a wide cohort of patients affected with mild to severe obesity
Brunani, A., Perna, S., Soranna, D., Rondanelli, M., Zambon, A., Bertoli, S., Vinci, C., Capodaglio, P., Lukaski, H. C., & Cancello, R. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.033 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citation
Iron supplementation improves energetic efficiency in iron-depleted female rowers
DELLAVALLE, D. M., & HAAS, J. D. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000208 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Effects of concurrent aerobic and strength training on breast cancer survivors: a pilot study
Luca, V. D., Minganti, C., Borrione, P., Grazioli, E., Cerulli, C., Guerra, E., Bonifacino, A., & Parisi, A. (2016) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.028 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Patterns of bioelectrical impedance vector distribution by body mass index and age: implications for body-composition analysis
Bosy‐Westphal, A., Danielzik, S., Dörhöfer, R., Piccoli, A., & Müller, M. J. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.1.60 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Concomitantly, a prediction equation for body composition that relied on H(2)/R, R, and weight (11) did not show an age-related increase but rather a slight decrease in percentage fat mass in these women (Figure 4B).”
Method
Metabolic Demands of Body Armor on Physical Performance in Simulated Conditions
Ricciardi, R., Deuster, P. A., & Talbot, L. A. (2008) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.173.9.817 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Patterns of bioelectrical impedance vector distribution by body mass index and age: implications for body-composition analysis
Bosy‐Westphal, A., Danielzik, S., Dörhöfer, R., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.60 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Short stature and obesity: positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents
Bosy‐Westphal, A., Plachta‐Danielzik, S., Dörhöfer, R., & Müller, M. J. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508190304 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“based on a multicompartment model((40)).”
Prediction of Fatness by Standing 8‐Electrode Bioimpedance: A Multiethnic Adolescent Population
Sluyter, J. D., Schaaf, D., Scragg, R. K. R., & Plank, L. D. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.166 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The four-compartment model (24), as the preferred reference technique, has rarely been applied in children and adolescents for the development of equations based on BIA (25).”
Method
Body composition in the elderly: Reference values and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy to predict total body skeletal muscle mass
Tengvall, M., Ellegård, L., Malmros, V., Bosaeus, N., Lissner, L., & Bosaeus, I. (2009) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.10.005 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Rapid Weight Loss and the Body Fluid Balance and Hemoglobin Mass of Elite Amateur Boxers
Reljic, D., Hässler, E., Jost, J., & Friedmann‐Bette, B. (2013) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.05 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A prospective Swedish study on body size, body composition, diabetes, and prostate cancer risk
Wallström, P., Bjartell, A. S., Gullberg, B., Olsson, H. L., & Wirfält, E. (2009) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605077 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“An algorithm (Sun et al, 2003) was used to estimate body fat (BF) from impedance.”
Method
Equivalence of information from single versus multiple frequency bioimpedance vector analysis in hemodialysis
Piccoli, A., Pastori, G., Guizzo, M., Rebeschini, M., Naso, A., & Cascone, C. (2004) · Kidney International · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00083.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Physical activity, sedentary time and gain in overall and central body fat: 7-year follow-up of the ProActive trial cohort
on behalf of the ProActive study group, Golubić, R., Wijndaele, K., Sharp, S. J., Simmons, R. K., Griffin, S. J., Wareham, N. J., Ekelund, U., & Brage, S. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.66 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Body Composition Measurements from Birth through 5 Years: Challenges, Gaps, and Existing & Emerging Technologies—A National Institutes of Health workshop
Gallagher, D., Andres, A., Fields, D. A., Evans, W. J., Kuczmarski, R. J., Lowe, W. L., Lumeng, J. C., Oken, E., Shepherd, J., Sun, S. S., et al. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13033 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Electrophysiological indices of visual food cue-reactivity. Differences in obese, overweight and normal weight women
Hume, D. J., Howells, F. M., Rauch, L., Kroff, J., & Lambert, E. V. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.012 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Body composition was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) (Quantum II, RJL Systems, Michigan, USA), where body fat percentage was determined using the prediction equation by Sun et al. (2003).”
Method
Reliability and Intermethod Agreement for Body Fat Assessment Among Two Field and Two Laboratory Methods in Adolescents
Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Rey‐López, J. P., Mesana, M. I., Poortvliet, E., Ortega, F. B., Polito, A., Nagy, E., Widhalm, K., Sjöström, M., Moreno, L. A., et al. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.272 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Bioresearch, Pontassieve, Italy) that uses the equations previously published by Sun and colleagues (4).”
Background
Development of an equation for estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Japanese older adults using bioelectrical impedance analysis: Estimation of appendicular muscle mass
Yoshida, D., Shimada, H., Park, H., Anan, Y., Ito, T., Harada, A., & Suzuki, T. (2014) · Geriatrics & Gerontology International · doi:10.1111/ggi.12177 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mapping ongoing nutrition intervention trials in muscle, sarcopenia, and cachexia: a scoping review of future research
Orsso, C. E., Montes‐Ibarra, M., Findlay, M., van der Meij, B. S., de van der Schueren, M. A. E., Landi, F., Laviano, A., & Prado, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12954 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“cle mass; notably, they provide double indirect and indirect measures of body composition, respectively.(83,84) Handgrip strength is being assessed in most trials; however, it may”
Background
Adiposity and postural balance control: Correlations between bioelectrical impedance and stabilometric signals in elderly Brazilian women
Mainenti, M. R. M., Rodrigues, É. C., de Oliveira, J. F., Ferreira, A. D. S., Dias, C. M., & Silva, A. L. D. S. (2011) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322011000900001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Effects of Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Iron Deficiency Anemia on Child Growth and Body Composition through Age 9 Years
Carter, R. C., Jacobson, J. L., Molteno, C. D., Jiang, H., Meintjes, E. M., Jacobson, S. W., & Duggan, C. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01810.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript comparisons within an ethnically homogeneous population such as the cohort in this study (Sun et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethod
A New BIA Equation Estimating the Body Composition of Young Children
Clasey, J. L., Bradley, K. D., Bradley, J. W., Long, D. E., & Griffith, J. R. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.158 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Previous reports have indicated that race or ethnicity may be a factor that significantly impacts or influences resulting BIA equations (29,30) while others have found that ethnicity was not a significant predictive factor in resulting BIA prediction equations (31).”
Background
Correlates of Serum Lutein + Zeaxanthin: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Gruber, M., Mares, J. A., Chappell, R. J., Millen, A. E., LaRowe, T. L., Moeller, S. M., Iannaccone, A., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.9.2387 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Predictive Equation for Lean Body Mass in Children and Adolescents
Foster, B. J., Platt, R. W., & Zemel, B. S. (2012) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.681800 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Although other methods of estimating adiposity, such as skinfolds and bioimpedance, are available, they were judged to be impractical due to problems with availability, imprecision and reproducibility in the clinical setting (Roche 1996; Ellis et al. 1999; Schaefer et al. 2000; Sun et al. 2003).”
Method
Bioimpedância elétrica e sua aplicação em avaliação nutricional
Eickemberg, M., de Oliveira, C. C., Roriz, A. K. C., & Sampaio, L. R. (2011) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/s1415-52732011000600009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Prediction of fat-free mass by bioimpedance analysis in migrant Asian Indian men and women: a cross validation study
Rush, E. C., Chandu, V, & Plank, L. D. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803230 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

[Analysis by bioelectrical impedance of body composition of patients with cardiovascular diseases and obesity].
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The use of bioelectrical impedance to detect excess visceral and subcutaneous fat
Fernandes, R. O. M. A., Rosa, C. S. D. C., Buonani, C., et al. (2007) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.1722 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Assessment of body composition in the prader‐willi syndrome using bioelectrical impedance
Davies, P. S. W., & Joughin, C. (1992) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320440118 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bioelectrical impedance analysis for the measurement of human body composition: Where do we stand and what is the next step?
Schoeller, D. A. (1996) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(96)00316-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Current Review of the Uses of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Acute and Chronic Heart Failure Patients: An Under-valued Resource?
Thanapholsart, J., Khan, E., & Lee, G. (2022) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/10998004221132838 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Authors: Sun, S. S., Chumlea, W. C., Heymsfield, S. B., Lukaski, H. C., Schoeller, D., Friedl, K., Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Johnson, C. L., & Hubbard, V. S.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Sun, Shumei S
ORCID: Sun, Shumei S
Heymsfield, Steven B
Lukaski, Henry C
Schoeller, Dale
Friedl, Karl
Flegal, Katherine M
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 77
Issue: 2
Pages: 331-340
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.2.331
OpenAlex: W2127226434
Cited by: 701
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 10.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 7327 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, prediction equations, multicomponent model, total body water, fat-free mass, racial differences, children and adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Body Water, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies

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Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys.

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