The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The relationship between BMI and percent body fat, measured by bioelectrical impedance, in a large adult sample is curvilinear and influenced by age and sex
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to establish the effects of age, gender and age-gender interactions on BMI-% fat relationships over a wide range of BMI and age. It also aimed to examine controversies regarding linear or curvilinear BMI-% fat relationships.Methods Body composition was measured using validated bio-impedance equipment (Bodystat) in a large self-selected sample of 23,627 UK adults aged 18-99 (99% ≤70) years, of which 11,582 were males with a mean BMI of 26.3±4.7 (sd) kg/m(2), and 12,044 females, with a mean BMI of 25.7±5.1 kg/m(2). Multiple regression analysis was used.Results BMI progressively increased with age in women and plateaued between 40 and 70 years in men. At a fixed BMI, body fat mass increased with age (1.9 kg/decade), as did % fat (1.1-1.4% per decade). The relationship between BMI and % fat was found to be curvilinear (quadratic) rather than linear, with a weaker association at lower BMI. There was also a small but significant age-gender interaction.Conclusion The association between BMI and % body fat is not strong, particularly in the desirable BMI range, is curvilinear rather than linear, and is affected by age.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2, as this threshold can accurately predict BF% in older people [32].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP i ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Citations
Cites
Generalized equations for predicting body density of women
Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L., & Ward, A. (1980) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198023000-00009 · Cited by 1,840
How Useful Is Body Mass Index for Comparison of Body Fatness across Age, Sex, and Ethnic Groups?
Gallagher, D., Visser, M., Sepulveda, D., Pierson, R. N., Harris, T., & Heymsfield, S. B. (1996) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008733 · Cited by 1,513
Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas
Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J., & Seidell, J. C. (1991) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19910073 · Cited by 1,397
Jackson, A., Stanforth, P., Gagnon, J., Rankinen, T., Leon, A., Rao, D., Skinner, J., Bouchard, C., & Wilmore, J. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802006 · Cited by 694
Sun, S. S., Chumlea, W. C., Heymsfield, S. B., Lukaski, H. C., Schoeller, D., Friedl, K., Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Johnson, C. L., & Hubbard, V. S. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.2.331 · Cited by 692
Body composition estimates from NHANES III bioelectrical impedance data
Chumlea, W., Guo, S., Kuczmarski, R., Flegal, K., Johnson, C., Heymsfield, S., Lukaski, H., Friedl, K., & Hubbard, V. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802167 · Cited by 507
Human Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition, and Activity
Forbes, G. B. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 461
Fat-free and fat mass percentiles in 5225 healthy subjects aged 15 to 98 years
Kyle, U. G., Genton, L., Slosman, D. O., & Pichard, C. (2001) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00555-x · Cited by 444
Kyle, U., Genton, L., Hans, D., Karsegard, L., Slosman, D., & Pichard, C. (2001) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601198 · Cited by 442
Bedside methodsversusdual energy X‐ray absorptiometry for body composition measurement in COPD
STEINER, M. C., Barton, R. L., Singh, S., & Morgan, M. D. (2002) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.02.00279602 · Cited by 261
Kyle, U. G., Pirlich, M., Lochs, H. H., Schuetz, T., & Pichard, C. (2005) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.08.012 · Cited by 210
Book Review: Obesity: A Report of the Royal College of Physicians
Yudkin, J. (1983) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107688307600624 · Cited by 180
(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 156
Self-citationA Prospective Study of Adiposity and All‐Cause Mortality: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study
Lahmann, P. H., Lissner, L., Gullberg, B., & Berglund, G. L. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.50 · Cited by 146
Webster, J. D., Hesp, R., & Garrow, J. S. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 145
Effect of sex and age on bone mass, body composition and fuel metabolism in humans
Horber, F., Gruber, B., Thomi, F., Jensen, E. X., & Jaeger, P. (1997) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(97)00031-2 · Cited by 122
Hannan, W. J., Cowen, S. J., Plester, C. E., Fearon, K. C. H., & Debeau, A. (1995) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0890651 · Cited by 119
Perry, H. M., Morley, J. E., Horowitz, M., Kaiser, F. E., Miller, D. K., & Wittert, G. (1997) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90138-4 · Cited by 105
Body mass index as a measure of body fatness in the elderly.
Deurenberg, P., Kooy, K. V. D., Hulshof, T. G., & Evers, P. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 66
Impact of the GH-cortisol ratio on the age-dependent changes in body composition
Nass, R., & Thorner, M. O. (2002) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/s1096-6374(02)00022-9 · Cited by 58
Mullie, P., Vansant, G., Hulens, M., Clarys, P., & Degrave, E. (2008) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.173.3.266 · Cited by 56
Heymsfield, S., Nuñez, C. E. C., Testolin, C., & Gallagher, D. (2000) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601022 · Cited by 56
Age-related changes in body composition of healthy and osteoporotic women
Martini, G., Valenti, R., Giovani, S., & Nuti, R. (1997) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/s0378-5122(97)01108-0 · Cited by 52
(1994) · PubMed · Cited by 50
Self-citationBody composition at the bedside
Ghosh, S. K., Meister, D., Cowen, S. J., Hannan, J., & Ferguson, A. (1997) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/00042737-199708000-00009 · Cited by 43
Body Mass Index and Percentage Body Fat as Health Indicators for Young Adults
Brooks, Y., Black, D. R., Coster, D. C., Blue, C. L., Abood, D. A., & Gretebeck, R. J. (2007) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.31.6.15 · Cited by 41
The relationship between body mass index and per cent body fat in the severely obese
Adams, T. D., Heath, E. M., LaMonte, M. J., Gress, R. E., Pendleton, R. C., Strong, M., Smith, S. C., & Hunt, S. C. (2006) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00631.x · Cited by 38
An evaluation of a bioelectrical impedance analyser for the estimation of body fat content.
Maughan, R. J. (1993) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.27.1.63 · Cited by 32
RELIABILITY AND DETECTING CHANGE FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION
Kilduff, L. P., LEWIS, S., KINGSLEY, M. I. C., Owen, N. J., & Dietzig, R. E. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-19245.1 · Cited by 28
Fuller, N. J. (1993) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/0261-5614(93)90021-u · Cited by 23
Body composition in Chinese subjects: relationship with age and disease
Woo, J., Kwok, T. C. Y., Lau, E., Li, M., & Yu, L. (1997) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(97)00026-5 · Cited by 20
[Comparison of various methods of body fat analysis in overweight and obese women].
Verovská, R., Lacnák, Z., Haluzíková, D., Fábin, P., Hájek, P., Horák, L., Haluzı́k, M., Svacina, S., & Matoulek, M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Body mass index and percentage body fat as health indicators for young adults.
Brooks, Y., Black, D. R., Coster, D. C., et al. (2008) · PubMed · doi:10.5555/ajhb.2007.31.6.687 · Cited by 11
Body composition and age-related diseases
Guyonnet, S. (2003) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00191-4 · Cited by 10
Does the Body Mass Index Accurately Reflect Percent Body Fat in Athletes?
Riewald, S. A. (2008) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e318163bc23 · Cited by 7
Benton, M. J., & Swan, P. D. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000274462.04445.8c · Cited by 6
Age related changes in body composition
Oldroyd, B., Stewart, S. P., Truscott, J. G., Westmacott, C. F., & Smith, M. A. (1998) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00191-7 · Cited by 5
Age and obesity influence body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean men
Kwon, S.-Y., Jang, Y.-A., Lee, J. H., & Kim, O. Y. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)80324-2 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Fuller, 1994, Use of a three-component model for evaluation of density and hydration fraction of fat-free mass and validation of body composition predicted from the same whole body bioelectrical impedance measurement in lean and obese women, Proc Nutr Soc, 53, 66A
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study
Landi, F., Liperoti, R., Russo, A., Giovannini, S., Tosato, M., Capoluongo, E., Bernabei, R., & Onder, G. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.007 · Cited by 938
Muñoz-Huerta, R., Guevara-González, R. G., Contreras-Medina, L. M., Torres‐Pacheco, I., Prado-Olivarez, J., & Ocampo-Velazquez, R. V. (2013) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s130810823 · Cited by 591
Marra, M., Sammarco, R., De Lorenzo, A., Iellamo, F., Siervo, M., Pietrobelli, A., Donini, L. M., Santarpia, L., Cataldi, M., Pasanisi, F., et al. (2019) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1155/2019/3548284 · Cited by 401
Body composition phenotypes in pathways to obesity and the metabolic syndrome
Dulloo, A. G., Jacquet, J., Solinas, G., Montani, J.-P., & Schutz, Y. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.234 · Cited by 280
Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Mortality Among Older People
Benz, E., Pinel, A., Guillet, C., Capel, F., Pereira, B., De Antonio, M., Pouget, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Eglseer, D., Topinkova, E., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3604 · Cited by 261
Metadata
- Authors
- Meeuwsen, S., Horgan, G. W., & Elia, M.
- Affiliations
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Elia, M.
- ORCID
- Horgan, G.W.
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 560-566
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044264137
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Scottish Government
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass, bioimpedance, body composition, curvilinear relationship, age effects, sex differences, age-gender interaction, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Thinness, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
