The DOI matches its Crossref record; 129 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence
Open accessAbstract
Background: Vegan diets, where animal-and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade.However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature.This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro-and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types.Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B 2 , Niacin (B 3 ), B 12 , D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium.Vitamin B 12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24e0.49mg, recommendations are 2.4 mg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d).No significant differences in fat intake were observed.Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B 1 , В 6 , C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B 12 , zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded.However, low micro-and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments.Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, sometimes a vegan dietary pattern can limit specific nutrients, such as vitamin B12, iron, and calcium.15,16”
From Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“However, a recent systematic review concluded that in the general population, individuals following a vegan diet consume fewer calories compared with individuals following omnivorous/vegetarian diets [48].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Vegans consume greater amounts of PUFAs compared with omnivores [48].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems
Willett, W., Rockström, J., Loken, B., Springmann, M., Lang, T., Vermeulen, S., Garnett, T., Tilman, D., DeClerck, F., Wood, A., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31788-4 · Cited by 10,880
Guh, D. P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L., & Anis, A. H. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-88 · Cited by 3,855
[Trace elements, human nutrition and health].
Malbohan, I. M., & Fialová, L. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 1,262
Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains
Gupta, R. K., Gangoliya, S. S., & Singh, N. K. (2013) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-013-0978-y · Cited by 973
Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., & Sofi, F. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447 · Cited by 971
A global review of food-based dietary guidelines
Herforth, A., Arimond, M., Álvarez-Sánchez, C., Coates, J., Christianson, K., & Muehlhoff, E. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy130 · Cited by 848
Neurologic Aspects of Cobalamin Deficiency
Healton, E. B., Savage, D. G., Brust, J. C. M., Garrett, T. J., & Lindenbaum, J. (1991) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-199107000-00001 · Cited by 770
Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Song, M., Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Longo, V. D., Chan, A. T., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182 · Cited by 735
Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children
Hooper, L. (2012) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 672
Vitamin D: The "sunshine" vitamin.
(2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.4103/0976-500x.95506 · Cited by 652
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Salvador, 2019, vol. 11
- Allen, 2002, 11, 1441
- Brantsaeter, 2018, vol. 10
- Sanna, 2018, vol. 10
- Chen, 2018, Plant versus animal based diets and insulin resistance, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, Rotterdam Study, 33, 883
- Matta, 2018, vol. 10
- Malta, 2018, vol. 20, 1654
- Gorman-Mcadams M. Discovering Vegan Wine, 2011, What! Isn’t All Wine Vegan?, Kitchn
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Protein Quality in Perspective: A Review of Protein Quality Metrics and Their Applications
Adhikari, S., Schop, M., de Boer, I. J. M., & Huppertz, T. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14050947 · Cited by 265
Comparison of nutritional composition between plant-based drinks and cow’s milk
Walther, B., Guggisberg, D., Badertscher, R., Egger, L., Portmann, R., Dubois, S., Haldimann, M., Kopf-Bolanz, K. A., Rhyn, P., Zoller, O., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.988707 · Cited by 285
Iodine and Iodine Deficiency: A Comprehensive Review of a Re-Emerging Issue
Hatch‐McChesney, A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173474 · Cited by 234
Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Minerals in Relation to a Healthy Gut Microbiome
Bielik, V., & Kolísek, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22136803 · Cited by 175
Vegan Diet Health Benefits in Metabolic Syndrome
Marrone, G., Guerriero, C., Palazzetti, D., Lido, P., Marolla, A., Daniele, F. D., & Noce, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030817 · Cited by 173
Metadata
- Authors
- Bakaloudi, D. R., Halloran, A., Rippin, H. L., Oikonomidou, A. C., Dardavesis, T. I., Williams, J., Wickramasinghe, K., Breda, J., & Chourdakis, M.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia
- Halloran, Afton
- Rippin, Holly L.
- Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina
- Dardavesis, Theodoros I.
- Williams, Julianne
- Wickramasinghe, Kremlin
- Chourdakis, Michail
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 3503-3521
- ISSN
- 0261-5614 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3112845174
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 19
- FWCI
- 7.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vegan diet, nutritional adequacy, micronutrient intake, macronutrient intake, vitamin B12 deficiency, calcium intake, zinc, selenium, dietary fat, glycemic load, dietary deficiency, European populations
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Vegan, Nutrients, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritive Value, Vitamins, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
