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Cited by 53Digitalization, Law, and RegulationEthics and Social Impacts of AILaw, AI, and Intellectual Property

Artificial intelligence as a service: Legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges

Cobbe, Jennifer, Singh, Jatinder·2021·Computer Law & Security Review
DOI 10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105573
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  • Procedural fairness fails where human review exists only in name or where time pressures and institutional incentives encourage acceptance of system outputs without scrutiny.

    “Procedural fairness fails where human review exists only in name or where time pressures and institutional incentives encourage acceptance of system outputs without scrutiny (Haim, 2023; Cobbe and Singh, 2021).”

    From Judicial review of algorithmic administrative systems legality evidence and remedies in the smart city state (2026) · cites this paper as Cobbe and Singh, 2021

  • Providers increasingly offer Artificial Intelligence solutions 'as a service' (AIaaS).

    “Recognising the opportunity, providers increasingly ofer Artifcial Intelligence solutions”

    From Out of Context: Investigating the Bias and Fairness Concerns of “Artificial Intelligence as a Service” (2023) · cites this paper as [29]

  • There is a risk that algorithmic biases or other undesirable behaviours in AIaaS systems could be reproduced on a far greater scale across organisations.

    “First, given that these services aim to ofer sophisticated AI capabilities at low cost and on demand to potentially anyone, often requiring little to no technical expertise, there is a risk that any algorithmic biases or other undesirable behaviours in the AIaaS system could be reproduced on a far greater scale across organisations [29,72].”

    From Out of Context: Investigating the Bias and Fairness Concerns of “Artificial Intelligence as a Service” (2023) · cites this paper as [29]

  • AIaaS moves providers beyond merely offering supporting infrastructure for applications to directly enabling, facilitating, and underpinning customers' core applications and decision-making systems.

    “Crucially, AIaaS moves providers beyond merely ofering supporting infrastructure for applications (as in cloud services) to directly enabling, facilitating, and underpinning customers' core applications and decision-making systems [29].”

    From Out of Context: Investigating the Bias and Fairness Concerns of “Artificial Intelligence as a Service” (2023) · cites this paper as [29]

  • It is likely that AIaaS will become the primary means of AI proliferation and implementation across many industries and organisations.

    “Accordingly, and as was the case for the uptake of 'traditional' cloud [28], it is likely that AIaaS will become the primary means of AI proliferation and implementation across many industries and organisations (in contrast with 'in-house' AI development) [29,130], given that such services reduce overheads and barriers to entry through providers ofering and making accessible state-of-the-art tools”

    From Out of Context: Investigating the Bias and Fairness Concerns of “Artificial Intelligence as a Service” (2023) · cites this paper as [29]

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Authors
Cobbe, J., & Singh, J.
Affiliations
University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author
Cobbe, Jennifer
ORCID
Venue
Computer Law & Security Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-09
Volume
42
Pages
105573
ISSN
2212-473X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105573
OpenAlex
W3187783743
Cited by
53
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
FWCI
45.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
Computer law & security review (publishedVersion)
Funders
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R033501/1, EP/P024394/1)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Keywords
legal liability, data protection law, processing chain, European Union law, power imbalance, AI regulation

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