CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 48Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineBone Tissue Engineering MaterialsElectrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications

Tissue engineering meets immunoengineering: Prospective on personalized in situ tissue engineering strategies

Open access
Smits, Anthal I.P.M., Bouten, Carlijn V.C.·2018·Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering
DOI 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.02.006
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.02.006

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • By this mechanism, a transplant could be accepted or rejected.

    “By this mechanism, a transplant could be accepted or rejected [200].”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [200]

    The Introduction states that the body's response to an implanted tissue-engineered construct is critical to whether it integrates successfully or fails. The section on the foreign body response likewise links inflammation to the implant's tissue outcome. The paper does not specifically describe a transplant being accepted or rejected, so the claim extends its discussion of engineered implants to transplants more generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Successful implantation into the human body or any living organism is closely related to the host immune system's response towards implanted material.

    “However, as mentioned above, successful implantation into the human body or any living organism is closely related to the host immune system’s response towards implanted material.”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [200]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 75

  1. Sugiura T, Agarwal R, Tara S, Yi T, Lee YU, Breuer CK, Weiss AS, Shinoka T: Tropoelastin inhibits intimal hyperplasia of mouse bioresorbable arterial vascular grafts. Acta Biomater 2017, 52:74-80.
  2. Talacua H, Smits AIPM, Muylaert DEP, van Rijswijk JW, Vink A, Verhaar MC, Driessen-Mol A, van Herwerden LA, Bouten CVC, Kluin J, et al.: In situ tissue engineering of functional small- diameter blood vessels by host circulating cells only. Tissue Eng Part A 2015, 21:2583-2594.
  3. Lawson JH, Glickman MH, Ilzecki M, Jakimowicz T, Jaroszynski A, Peden EK, Pilgrim AJ, Prichard HL, Guziewicz M, Przywara S, et al.: Bioengineered human acellular vessels for dialysis access in patients with end-stage renal disease: two phase 2 single-arm trials. Lancet 2016, 387:2026-2034.
  4. Rothuizen TC, Damanik FFR, Lavrijsen T, Visser MJT, Hamming JF, Lalai RA, Duijs JMGJ, van Zonneveld AJ, Hoefer IE, van Blitterswijk CA, et al.: Development and evaluation of in vivo tissue engineered blood vessels in a porcine model. Biomaterials 2016, 75:82-90.
  5. Kluin J, Talacua H, Smits AIPM, Emmert MY, Brugmans MCP, Fioretta ES, Dijkman PE, Söntjens SHM, Duijvelshoff R, Dekker S, et al.: In situ heart valve tissue engineering using a bio- resorbable elastomeric implant -from material design to 12 months follow-up in sheep. Biomaterials 2017, 125:101-117.
  6. Syedain Z, Reimer J, Schmidt J, Lahti M, Berry J, Bianco R, Tranquillo RT: 6-month aortic valve implantation of an off-the- shelf tissue-engineered valve in sheep. Biomaterials 2015, 73: 175-184.
  7. Kim IL, Pfeifer CG, Fisher MB, Saxena V, Meloni GR, Kwon MY, Kim M, Steinberg DR, Mauck RL, Burdick JA: Fibrous scaffolds with varied fiber chemistry and growth factor delivery pro- mote repair in a porcine cartilage defect model. Tissue Eng Part A 2015, 21:2680-2690.
  8. Corradetti B, Taraballi F, Corbo C, Cabrera F, Pandolfi L, Minardi S, Wang X, Van Eps J, Bauza G, Weiner B, et al.: Immune tuning scaffold for the local induction of a pro- regenerative environment. Sci Rep 2017, 7:17030.
  9. D'Amore A, Yoshizumi T, Luketich SK, Wolf MT, Gu X, Cammarata M, Hoff R, Badylak SF, Wagner WR: Bi-layered polyurethane -extracellular matrix cardiac patch improves ischemic ventricular wall remodeling in a rat model. Bio- materials 2016, 107:1-14.
  10. Spiller KL, Nassiri S, Witherel CE, Anfang RR, Ng J, Nakazawa KR, Yu T, Vunjak-Novakovic G: Sequential delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines to facilitate the M1-to-M2 transition of macrophages and enhance vascularization of bone scaffolds. Biomaterials 2015, 37:194-207.
  11. Mokarram N, Dymanus K, Srinivasan A, Lyon JG, Tipton J, Chu J, English AW, Bellamkonda RV: Immunoengineering nerve repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017, 114:E5077-E5084. Evidence that modulating macrophage polarization state in the early inflammatory stage leads to improved downstream functional nerve regeneration.
  12. D'Amore A, Fazzari M, Jiang H, Luketich SK, Luketich ME, Hoff RF, Jacobs DL, Gu X, Badylak SF, Freeman BA, et al.: Nitro- oleic acid (NO2OA) release enhances regional angiogenesis in a rat abdominal wall defect model. Tissue Eng Part A 2017. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2017.0349. · DOI
  13. Hympanova L, Mori da Cunha MGMC, Rynkevic R, Zündel M, Gallego MR, Vange J, Callewaert G, Urbankova I, Van der Aa F, Mazza E, et al.: Physiologic musculofascial compliance following reinforcement with electrospun polycaprolactone- ureidopyrimidinone mesh in a rat model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017, 74:349-357.
  14. Roelofs LAJ, de Jonge PKJD, Oosterwijk E, Tiemessen DM, Kortmann BBM, de Gier RPE, Versteeg EMM, Daamen WF, van Kuppevelt TH, Geutjes PJ, et al.: Bladder regeneration using multiple acellular scaffolds with growth factors in a bladder. Tissue Eng Part A 2018, 24:11-20.
  15. Sadtler K, Estrellas K, Allen BW, Wolf MT, Fan H, Tam AJ, Patel CH, Luber BS, Wang H, Wagner KR, et al.: Developing a pro-regenerative biomaterial scaffold microenvironment re- quires T helper 2 cells. Science 2016, 352:366-370. Demonstration of the indispensable role for adaptive immune cells (TH 2 cells) for material-driven functional muscle regeneration via inter- leukin-4-induced macrophage polarization.
  16. Sadtler K, Allen BW, Estrellas K, Housseau F, Pardoll DM, Elisseeff JH: The scaffold immune microenvironment: biomaterial-mediated immune polarization in traumatic and nontraumatic applications. Tissue Eng Part A 2017, 23:1-42.
  17. Kim JE, Lee JH, Kim SH, Jung Y: Skin regeneration with self- assembled peptide hydrogels conjugated with substance P in a diabetic rat model. Tissue Eng Part A 2018, 24:21-33.
  18. Godwin JW, Pinto AR, Rosenthal NA: Macrophages are required for adult salamander limb regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110:9415-9420.
  19. Zaharoff DA, Jewell CM: Strategic directions in immunores- ponsive biomaterials in tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017, 23:1042-1043.
  20. Bouman A, Schipper M, Heineman MJ, Faas MM: Gender dif- ference in the non-specific and specific immune response in humans. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004, 52:19-26.
  21. Goetzl EJ, Huang M-C, Kon J, Patel K, Schwartz JB, Fast K, Ferrucci L, Madara K, Taub DD, Longo DL: Gender specificity of altered human immune cytokine profiles in aging. FASEB J 2010, 24:3580-3589.
  22. Ferguson MWJ, O'Kane S: Scar-free healing: from embryonic mechanisms to adult therapeutic intervention. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004, 359:839-850.
  23. Ashcroft GS, Dodsworth J, van Boxtel E, Tarnuzzer RW, Horan MA, Schultz GS, Ferguson MW: Estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing associated with an increase in TGF-beta1 levels. Nat Med 1997, 3:1209-1215.
  24. Wissing TB, Bonito V, Bouten CVC, Smits AIPM: Biomaterial- driven in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering-a multi- disciplinary perspective. npj Regen Med 2017, 2:18. Comprehensive review on biomaterial-driven in situ regeneration strategies for cardiovascular applications, focusing on the influence of the biomechanical, biochemical and biophysical microenvironment provided by immunomodulatory scaffolds under influence of hemody- namic loads.
  25. van Loon SLM, Smits AIPM, Driessen-Mol A, Baaijens FPT, Bouten CVC: The immune response in in situ tissue engineering of aortic heart valves. In Calcific aortic disease. Edited by Aikawa E, InTech; 2013:207-245.
  26. Franz S, Rammelt S, Scharnweber D, Simon JC: Immune re- sponses to implants -a review of the implications for the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011, 32:6692-6709.
  27. Badylak SF. Host response to biomaterials -the impact of host response on biomaterial selection. Elsevier Inc.; 2015. Textbook covering a broad spectrum of aspects involved in the host response to implanted biomaterials; highly relevant for in situ tissue engineering strategies.
  28. Lämmermann T, Afonso PV, Angermann BR, Wang JM, Kastenmüller W, Parent CA, Germain RN: Neutrophil swarms require LTB4 and integrins at sites of cell death in vivo. Nature 2013, 498:371-375.
  29. Chang DT, Colton E, Anderson JM: Paracrine and juxtacrine lymphocyte enhancement of adherent macrophage and foreign body giant cell activation. J Biomed Mater Res -Part A 2009, 89:490-498.
  30. Barron L, Wynn TA: Fibrosis is regulated by Th2 and Th17 responses and by dynamic interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011, 300:G723-G728.
  31. Ploeger DT, Hosper NA, Schipper M, Koerts JA, de Rond S, Bank RA: Cell plasticity in wound healing: paracrine factors of M1/M2 polarized macrophages influence the phenotyp- ical state of dermal fibroblasts. Cell Commun Signal 2013, 11:29.
  32. Mosser D, Edwards J: Exploring the full spectrum of macro- phage activation. Nat Rev Immunol 2008, 8:958-969.
  33. Dondossola E, Holzapfel BM, Alexander S, Filippini S, Hutmacher DW, Friedl P: Examination of the foreign body response to biomaterials by nonlinear intravital microscopy. Nat Biomed Eng 2017, 1:1-10.
  34. Bank RA, Zandstra J, Room H, Petersen AH, van Putten SM: Biomaterial encapsulation is enhanced in the early stages of the foreign body reaction during conditional macrophage depletion in transgenic macrophage fas-induced apoptosis mice. Tissue Eng Part A 2017, 23:1078-1087.
  35. Geelhoed WJ, Moroni L, Rotmans JI: Utilizing the foreign body response to grow tissue engineered blood vessels in vivo. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2017, 10:167-179.
  36. Sicari BM, Johnson SA, Siu BF, Crapo PM, Daly KA, Jiang H, Medberry CJ, Tottey S, Turner NJ, Badylak SF: The effect of source animal age upon the in vivo remodeling characteris- tics of an extracellular matrix scaffold. Biomaterials 2012, 33: 5524-5533.
  37. Wise SG, Liu H, Yeo GC, Michael PL, Chan AHP, Ngo AKY, Bilek MMM, Bao S, Weiss AS: Blended polyurethane and tropoelastin as a novel class of biologically interactive elas- tomer. Tissue Eng Part A 2016, 22:524-533.
  38. Wolf MT, Carruthers CA, Dearth CL, Crapo PM, Huber A, Burnsed OA, Londono R, Johnson SA, Daly KA, Stahl EC, et al.: Polypropylene surgical mesh coated with extracellular matrix mitigates the host foreign body response. J Biomed Mater Res -Part A 2014, 102:234-246.
  39. Sridharan R, Cameron AR, Kelly DJ, Kearney CJ, O'Brien FJ: Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles. Mater Today 2015, 18:313-325.
  40. McWhorter FY, Davis CT, Liu WF: Physical and mechanical regulation of macrophage phenotype and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014, 72:1303-1316.
  41. Sanders B, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT: The effects of scaffold remnants in decellularized tissue- engineered cardiovascular constructs on the recruitment of blood cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017, 23:1142-1151.
  42. de Valence S, Tille J-C, Mugnai D, Mrowczynski W, Gurny R, Möller M, Walpoth BH: Long term performance of poly- caprolactone vascular grafts in a rat abdominal aorta replacement model. Biomaterials 2012, 33:38-47.
  43. Brugmans MCP, Sӧntjens SHM, Cox M a J, Nandakumar A, Bosman AW, Mes T, Janssen HM, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT, Driessen-Mol A: Hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of electrospun supramolecular biomaterials: in vitro degrada- tion pathways. Acta Biomater 2015, 27:21-31.
  44. Washington MA, Balmert SC, Fedorchak MV, Little SR, Watkins SC, Meyer TY: Monomer sequence in PLGA micro- particles: effects on acidic microclimates and in vivo in- flammatory response. Acta Biomater 2018, 65:259-271.
  45. Godwin JW, Debuque R, Salimova E, Rosenthal NA: Heart regeneration in the salamander relies on macrophage- mediated control of fibroblast activation and the extracellular landscape. npj Regen Med 2017, 2:22. Elegant study demonstrating an indispensable role for the macrophage-fibroblast interplay for the prevention of fibrosis after cardiac injury, independent of cardiomyocyte proliferation, in highly regenerative axolotls.
  46. Simkin J, Gawriluk TR, Gensel JC, Seifert AW: Macrophages are necessary for epimorphic regeneration in African spiny mice. Elife 2017, 6:1-26.
  47. Hibino N, Yi T, Duncan DR, Rathore A, Dean E, Naito Y, Dardik A, Kyriakides T, Madri J, Pober JS, et al.: A critical role for mac- rophages in neovessel formation and the development of stenosis in tissue-engineered vascular grafts. FASEB J 2011, 25:4253-4263.
  48. Selders GS, Fetz AE, Radic MZ, Bowlin GL: An overview of the role of neutrophils in innate immunity, inflammation and host-biomaterial integration. Regen Biomater 2017, 4:55-68.
  49. Fetz AE, Neeli I, Rodriguez IA, Radic MZ, Bowlin GL: Electro- spun template architecture and composition regulate neutrophil NETosis in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 2017, 23:1054-1063.
  50. Chung L, Maestas DR, Housseau F, Elisseeff JH: Key players in the immune response to biomaterial scaffolds for regenera- tive medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017, 114:184-192.
  51. Ippel BD, Dankers PYW: Introduction of nature's complexity in engineered blood-compatible biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2018, 7:1700505.
  52. Battiston KG, Labow RS, Simmons CA, Santerre JP: Immuno- modulatory polymeric scaffold enhances extracellular matrix production in cell co-cultures under dynamic mechanical stimulation. Acta Biomater 2015, 24:74-86.
  53. Ballotta V, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT: Strain- dependent modulation of macrophage polarization within scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014, 35:4919-4928.
  54. Ballotta V, Smits AIPM, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT: Synergistic protein secretion by mesenchymal stromal cells seeded in 3D scaffolds and circulating leuko- cytes in physiological flow. Biomaterials 2014, 35:9100-9113.
  55. Dziki JL, Giglio RM, Sicari BM, Wang DS, Gandhi RM, Londono R, Dearth CL, Badylak SF: The effect of mechanical loading upon extracellular matrix bioscaffold-mediated skel- etal muscle remodeling. Tissue Eng Part A 2018, 24:34-46. Mechanistic study emphasizing the role of the local mechanical envi- ronment on the cross-talk between myoblasts and macrophages during extracellular matrix-driven regeneration.
  56. Smits AIPM, Ballotta V, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT: Shear flow affects selective monocyte recruit- ment into MCP-1-loaded scaffolds. J Cell Mol Med 2014, 18: 2176-2188.
  57. Smits AIPM, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten CVC, Baaijens FPT: A mesofluidics-based test platform for systematic develop- ment of scaffolds for in situ cardiovascular tissue engineer- ing. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012, 18:475-485.
  58. Hearps AC, Martin GE, Angelovich TA, Cheng WJ, Maisa A, Landay AL, Jaworowski A, Crowe SM: Aging is associated with . Hachim D, Wang N, Lopresti ST, Stahl EC, Umeda YU, Rege RD, Carey ST, Mani D, Brown BN: Effects of aging upon the host response to implants. J Biomed Mater Res -Part A 2017, 105: 1281-1292.
  59. Wang Z, Zheng W, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang K, Zhao Q, Kong D, Ke T, Li C: Differences in the performance of PCL-based vascular grafts as abdominal aorta sub- stitutes in healthy and diabetic rats. Biomater Sci 2016, 4: 1485-1492.
  60. Socarrás TO, Vasconcelos AC, Campos PP, Pereira NB, Souza JPC, Andrade SP: Foreign body response to subcu- taneous implants in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2014, 9, e110945.
  61. Grotenhuis N, Vd Toom HFE, Kops N, Bayon Y, Deerenberg EB, Mulder IM, Van Osch GJVM, Lange JF, Bastiaansen- Jenniskens YM: In vitro model to study the biomaterial- dependent reaction of macrophages in an inflammatory environment. Br J Surg 2014, 101:983-992.
  62. Schwab A, Meeuwsen A, Ehlicke F, Hansmann J, Mulder L, Smits A, Walles H, Kock L: Ex vivo culture platform for assessment of cartilage repair treatment strategies. ALTEX 2017, 34:267-277.
  63. Miller KS, Khosravi R, Breuer CK, Humphrey JD: A hypothesis- driven parametric study of effects of polymeric scaffold properties on tissue engineered neovessel formation. Acta Biomater 2015, 11:283-294.
  64. Wolf MT, Vodovotz Y, Tottey S, Brown BN, Badylak SF: Predicting in vivo responses to biomaterials via combined in vitro and in silico analysis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015, 21:148-159.
  65. Wang RM, Johnson TD, He J, Rong Z, Wong M, Nigam V, Behfar A, Xu Y, Christman KL: Humanized mouse model for assessing the human immune response to xenogeneic and allogeneic decellularized biomaterials. Biomaterials 2017, 129: 98-110.
  66. Grotenhuis N, Bayon Y, Lange JF, Van Osch GJVM, Bastiaan- sen-Jenniskens YM: A culture model to analyze the acute biomaterial-dependent reaction of human primary macro- phages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013, 433:115-120.
  67. Han S, Chen Z, Han P, Hu Q, Xiao Y: Activation of macro- phages by lipopolysaccharide for assessing the immuno- modulatory property of biomaterials. Tissue Eng Part A 2017, 23:1100-1109.
  68. Brown BN, Londono R, Tottey S, Zhang L, Kukla KA, Wolf MT, Daly KA, Reing JE, Badylak SF: Macrophage phenotype as a predictor of constructive remodeling following the implanta- tion of biologically derived surgical mesh materials. Acta Biomater 2012, 8:978-987.
  69. Jannasch M, Weigel T, Engelhardt L, Wiezoreck J, Gaetzner S, Walles H, Schmitz T, Hansmann J: In vitro chemotaxis and tissue remodeling assays quantitatively characterize foreign body reaction. ALTEX 2017, 34:253-266.
  70. Boersema GSA, Utomo L, Bayon Y, Kops N, van der Harst E, Lange JF, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM: Monocyte subsets in blood correlate with obesity related response of macro- phages to biomaterials in vitro. Biomaterials 2016, 109:32-39.
  71. Utomo L, Boersema GSA, Bayon Y, Lange JF, van Osch GJVM, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM: In vitro modulation of the behavior of adhering macrophages by medications is biomaterial-dependent. Biomed Mater 2017, 12:25006.
  72. Burkhardt MA, Waser J, Milleret V, Gerber I, Emmert MY, Foolen J, Hoerstrup SP, Schlottig F, Vogel V: Synergistic in- teractions of blood-borne immune cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix drive repair in an in vitro peri-implant wound healing model. Sci Rep 2016, 6:21071.
  73. Enayati M, Eilenberg M, Grasl C, Riedl P, Kaun C, Messner B, Walter I, Liska R, Schima H, Wojta J, et al.: Biocompatibility assessment of a new biodegradable vascular graft via in vitro co-culture approaches and in vivo model. Ann Biomed Eng 2016, 44:3319-3334.
  74. Grotenhuis N, De Witte SFH, van Osch GJVM, Bayon Y, Lange JF, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM: Biomaterials influence macrophage-mesenchymal stem cell interaction in vitro. Tissue Eng Part A 2016, 22:1098-1107.
  75. Zhang X, Battiston KG, Labow RS, Simmons CA, Santerre JP: Generating favorable growth factor and protease release profiles to enable extracellular matrix accumulation within an in vitro tissue engineering environment. Acta Biomater 2017, 54:81-94.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Smits, A. I. P. M., & Bouten, C. V. C.
Affiliations
Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
Corresponding author
Smits, Anthal I.P.M.
ORCID
Venue
Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-06
Volume
6
Pages
17-26
ISSN
2468-4511 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cobme.2018.02.006
OpenAlex
W2791465264
Cited by
48
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
FWCI
1.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
  • TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
  • TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Academy of Scientific Research and Technology
  • Arthritis Research Initiative
  • Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (CVON 1Valve)
  • South Africa Netherlands research Programme on Alternatives in Development
  • Canadian Federation of University Women
  • Ministry of Economic Affairs
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
Keywords
in situ tissue engineering, immunoengineering, immunomodulation, bioresorbable scaffolds, macrophages, host immune response, scaffold microstructure, personalized medicine, prediction model, scar formation, clinical translation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review