Infants' understanding of object-directed action
Abstract
When and in what ways do infants recognize humans as intentional actors? An important aspect of this larger question concerns when infants recognize specific human actions (e.g. a reach) as object-directed (i.e. as acting toward goal-objects). In two studies using a visual habituation technique, 12-month-old infants were tested to assess their recognition that an adult's reach is directed toward its target object. Infants in the experimental condition were habituated to a display in which an actor reached over a wall-like barrier with an arcing arm movement, to pick up a ball. After habituation infants saw two test displays, for which the barrier was removed. In the direct test event the actor reached directly for the ball, the arm tracing a visually new path, but the action consistent with attempting to reach for the object as directly as possible. In the indirect test event the actor traced the old path, reaching over in an arc, even though the wall was no longer present. This arm movement was identical to that in habituation but no longer displayed a reach going directly to its object. In a control condition infants saw the same movements but in a situation with no goal-object. In the experimental conditions, with a goal object present, infants looked longer at the indirect test event in comparison to the direct test event. In the control conditions infants looked equally at both indirect and direct test events. We conclude that sensitivity to human object-directed action is established by 12-month-olds and compare these results to recent findings by [Gergely, G., Nadasdy, Z., Csibra, G., & Biro S. (1995). Taking the intentional stance at 12 months of age. Cognition, 56, 165-193] and [Woodward, A. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach. Cognition, 69, 1-34].
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The tendency to project intentionality (ToM) appears to emerge quite early in development.
“this tendency appears to emerge quite early in development (e.g., Spelke et al. 1995; Bloom 2004; Phillips and Wellman 2005)”
From Body and Mind in Early China: An Integrated Humanities–Science Approach (2013) · cites this paper as Phillips and Wellman 2005
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- Authors
- Phillips, A. T., & Wellman, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Ann T.
- ORCID
- Wellman, Henry M.
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-155
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052383699
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (34004)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- object-directed action, intentional action, goal-directed behavior, reach-to-grasp, infant cognition, social cognition, 12-month-old infants
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Female, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Humans, Infant, Male, Social Perception, Single-Blind Method, Statistics, Nonparametric, Intention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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