When deaf signers read English: do written words activate their sign translations?
Open accessAbstract
Deaf bilinguals for whom American Sign Language (ASL) is the first language and English is the second language judged the semantic relatedness of word pairs in English. Critically, a subset of both the semantically related and unrelated word pairs were selected such that the translations of the two English words also had related forms in ASL. Word pairs that were semantically related were judged more quickly when the form of the ASL translation was also similar whereas word pairs that were semantically unrelated were judged more slowly when the form of the ASL translation was similar. A control group of hearing bilinguals without any knowledge of ASL produced an entirely different pattern of results. Taken together, these results constitute the first demonstration that deaf readers activate the ASL translations of written words under conditions in which the translation is neither present perceptually nor required to perform the task.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 · Cited by 2,656 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Models of L2 lexical development (e.g., Kroll & Stewart, 1994) suggest that the translation equivalent may be important during early stages of L2 learning but that skilled L2 users can access the meaning of L2 words without L1 mediation (Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Sunderman & Kroll,…”
Self-citationHandbook of bilingualism : psycholinguistic approaches
Kroll, J. F., & de Groot, A. M. B. (2005) · Cited by 2,097 · see citing works
A dictionary of American sign language on linguistic principles
Stokoe, W. C., Casterline, D. C., & Croneberg, C. G. (1965) · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language
Battison, R. M., & Baird, E. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 817 · see citing works
KROLL, J. F., BOBB, S. C., & WODNIECKA, Z. (2006) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728906002483 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Brain potentials reveal unconscious translation during foreign language comprehension
Thierry, G., & Wu, Y. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0609927104 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within- and between-language competition
Marian, V., & Spivey, M. J. (2003) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728903001068 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Gussenhoven, C., & Warner, N. (2002) · doi:10.1515/9783110197105 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Emmorey, K. D., BORINSTEIN, H. B., Thompson, R. L., & Gollan, T. H. (2008) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728907003203 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
The development of lexical fluency in a second language
Kroll, J., Michael, E. B., Tokowicz, N., & Dufour, R. (2002) · Second language Research · doi:10.1191/0267658302sr201oa · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Bellugi, U., Klima, E. S., & Siple, P. (1974) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(74)90015-8 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Sunderman, G. L., & Kroll, J. (2006) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263106060177 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The Source of Enhanced Cognitive Control in Bilinguals
Emmorey, K. D., Luk, G., Pyers, J. E., & Bialystok, E. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02224.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Bilingual Visual Word Recognition and Lexical Access
Dijkstra, T. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195151770.003.0011 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
When timing is everything: Age of first-language acquisition effects on second-language learning
Mayberry, R. I. (2007) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716407070294 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Lexical processing in Spanish Sign Language (LSE)
Carreiras, M., Gutiérrez, E., Castellanos, S. B., & Corina, D. P. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.05.004 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Sign Perception and Recognition in Non-Native Signers of ASL
Morford, J. P., & Carlson, M. L. (2011) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475441.2011.543393 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Guo, T.-M., Misra, M., Tam, J., & Kroll, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0028076 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Orfanidou, E., Adam, R., McQueen, J. M., & Morgan, G. (2009) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.37.3.302 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Co-speech gesture in bimodal bilinguals
Casey, S., & Emmorey, K. D. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960801916188 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Phonological priming in British Sign Language
Dye, M., & Shih, S.-I. (2006) · doi:10.1515/9783110197211.1.241 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cross-language effects in written word recognition: The case of bilingual deaf children*
Ormel, E., Hermans, D., Knoors, H., & Verhoeven, L. (2011) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728911000319 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hanson, V. L., & Feldman, L. B. (1989) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198467 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
American sign language - Sentence reproduction test: Development & implications
Hauser, P. C., Paludneviciene, R., Supalla, T. R., & Bavelier, D. (2006) · RIT Scholar Works (Rochester Institute of Technology) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 25 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Emmorey K Petrich J Gollan T Simultaneous production of American Sign Language and English costs the speaker but benefits the perceiver July 2009 Paper presented at the 7th International Symposium on Bilingualism Utrecht, The Netherlands
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Luk, G. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience
Bialystok, E. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000099 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition
Kroll, J. F., & Bialystok, E. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.799170 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment
KROLL, J. F., VAN HELL, J. G., TOKOWICZ, N., & GREEN, D. W. (2010) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891000009x · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Language and literacy development of deaf and hard-of-hearing children: successes and challenges
Lederberg, A. R., Schick, B., & Spencer, P. E. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029558 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., Bice, K., & Perrotti, L. (2014) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124937 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Juggling Two Languages in One Mind
Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., BOGULSKI, C. A., & Kroff, J. R. V. (2012) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394393-4.00007-8 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., & Hoshino, N. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414528511 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Effects of bilingualism and aging on executive function and working memory.
Bialystok, E., Poarch, G. J., Luo, L., & Craik, F. I. M. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0037254 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Bimodal bilinguals co-activate both languages during spoken comprehension
Shook, A., & Marian, V. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.014 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Second Language Proficiency and Cross-Language Lexical Activation
van Hell, J. V., & Tanner, D. (2012) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00710.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Parallel language activation and cognitive control during spoken word recognition in bilinguals
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.812093 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Bilingual Deaf Students’ Phonological Awareness in ASL and Reading Skills in English
McQuarrie, L. M., & Abbott, M. L. (2013) · Sign language studies · doi:10.1353/sls.2013.0028 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Acquiring English as a second language via print: The task for deaf children
Hoffmeister, R., & Caldwell‐Harris, C. L. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.014 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Importance of Early Sign Language Acquisition for Deaf Readers
Clark, M. D., Hauser, P. C., Miller, P., Kargın, T., Rathmann, C., Güldenoğlu, B., Kubus, O., Spurgeon, E., & Israel, E. (2014) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2013.878123 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Do Bilinguals Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using It?
Costa, A., Pannunzi, M., Deco, G., & Pickering, M. J. (2016) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12434 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Psycholinguistic, cognitive, and neural implications of bimodal bilingualism
Emmorey, K., Giezen, M., & Gollan, T. H. (2015) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000085 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Morford, J. P., Kroll, J., Piñar, P., & Wilkinson, E. (2014) · Second Language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658313503467 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Perceptual foundations of bilingual acquisition in infancy
Werker, J. F. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06484.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Lieberman, A. M., Arielle Borovsky, A., Hatrak, M., & Mayberry, R. I. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000088 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Word recognition in deaf readers: Cross-language activation of German Sign Language and German
Kubus, O., Villwock, A., Morford, J. P., & Rathmann, C. (2014) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716413000520 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Training Literacy Skills through Sign Language
Rudner, M., Andin, J., Rönnberg, J., Heimann, M., Hermansson, A., Nelson, K., & Tjus, T. (2015) · Deafness & Education International · doi:10.1179/1557069x14y.0000000037 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hirshorn, E. A., Dye, M., Hauser, P. C., Supalla, T. R., & Bavelier, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01153 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Phonological coding during reading.
Leinenger, M. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037830 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Caramazza, A. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104625 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Comprehension of Words and Sentences in Two Languages
Kroll, J., & Dussias, P. E. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118332382.ch9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cross-language effects in written word recognition: The case of bilingual deaf children*
Ormel, E., Hermans, D., Knoors, H., & Verhoeven, L. (2011) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728911000319 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kroll, J. F., Gullifer, J. W., & Rossi, E. (2013) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190513000111 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Guo, T.-M., Misra, M., Tam, J., & Kroll, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0028076 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Implicit co-activation of American Sign Language in deaf readers: An ERP study
Meade, G., Midgley, K. J., Sehyr, Z., Holcomb, P., & Emmorey, K. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.03.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ortega, G., & Morgan, G. (2015) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12123 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Parallel language activation and inhibitory control in bimodal bilinguals
Giezen, M. R., Blumenfeld, H. K., Shook, A., Marian, V., & Emmorey, K. D. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.04.009 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Unconscious translation during incidental foreign language processing
Wu, Y.-J., & Thierry, G. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.049 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of the Mental Lexicon
Anna Papafragou, A., Trueswell, J. C., & Gleitman, L. R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.001.0001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Assessment for Reading Instruction
Beal, J. S., Dostal, H. M., & Easterbrooks, S. R. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198879114.003.0002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kroll, J., Bogulski, C., & Mcclain, R. (2012) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.2.1.01kro · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Fast Automatic Translation and Morphological Decomposition in Chinese-English Bilinguals
Zhang, T., van Heuven, W. J. B., & Conklin, K. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611421492 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Deaf Children as ‘English Learners’: The Psycholinguistic Turn in Deaf Education
Howerton-Fox, A., & Falk, J. L. (2019) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci9020133 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Brentari, D., Fenlon, J., & Cormier, K. (2017) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.117 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brentari, D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316286401 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The prominence of spoken language elements in a sign language
Bank, R., Crasborn, O. A., & van Hout, R. W. N. M. (2016) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling-2016-0030 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Giezen, M. R., & Emmorey, K. D. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000097 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Lexical access in American Sign Language: An ERP investigation of effects of semantics and phonology
Gutiérrez, E., Williams, D., Grosvald, M., & Corina, D. P. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.029 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Holmer, E., Heimann, M., & Rudner, M. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Novogrodsky, R., Caldwell‐Harris, C. L., Fish, S., & Hoffmeister, R. (2014) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12078 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Neural consequences of bilingualism for cortical and subcortical function
Krizman, J., & Marian, V. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107447257.027 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
American Sign Language Comprehension Test: A Tool for Sign Language Researchers
Hauser, P. C., Paludneviciene, R., Riddle, W., Kurz, K. B., Emmorey, K. D., & Contreras, J. (2015) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/env051 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Wu, Y. J., Cristino, F., Leek, E. C., & Thierry, G. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Crume, P. (2013) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/ent023 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Bilingualism and aging: A focused neuroscientific review
Zhang, H., Wu, Y. J., & Thierry, G. (2020) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100890 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Morphological Knowledge and Decoding Skills of Deaf Readers
Clark, M. D., Gilbert, G. L., & Anderson, M. L. (2011) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2011.22018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
How aging and bilingualism influence language processing: theoretical and neural models
Rossi, E., & Diaz, M. T. (2016) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.14029.ros · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Meletis, D., & Dürscheid, C. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110757835 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
LSE-Sign: A lexical database for Spanish Sign Language
Gutiérrez, E., Costello, B., Baus, C., & Carreiras, M. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0560-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ortega, G. (2014) · Sign Language & Linguistics · doi:10.1075/sll.17.2.09ort · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ma, F., Chen, P., Guo, T.-M., & Kroll, J. (2017) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.09.006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reading among diverse DHH learners: what, how, and for whom?
Easterbrooks, S. R., Lederberg, A. R., Antia, S., Schick, B., Kushalnagar, P., Webb, M.-Y., Branum-Martin, L., & Connor, C. M. (2015) · American Annals of the Deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2015.0002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cross-language and cross-modal activation in hearing bimodal bilinguals
Villameriel, S., Dias, P., Costello, B., & Carreiras, M. (2015) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.11.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Predictors of Word and Text Reading Fluency of Deaf Children in Bilingual Deaf Education Programmes
Ormel, E., Giezen, M. R., Knoors, H. E. T., Verhoeven, L. T. W., & Gutiérrez, E. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7010051 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lexical Processing in Deaf Readers: An fMRI Investigation of Reading Proficiency
Corina, D. P., Lawyer, L. A., Hauser, P. C., & Hirshorn, E. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054696 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
McQuarrie, L. M., & Parrila, R. (2014) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2014.0034 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Syntactic Priming in American Sign Language
Hall, M. L., Ferreira, V. S., & Mayberry, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119611 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Brain potentials predict language selection before speech onset in bilinguals
Wu, Y. J., & Thierry, G. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.04.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Visual Sonority Modulates Infants’ Attraction to Sign Language
Stone, A., Petitto, L., & Bosworth, R. G. (2017) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475441.2017.1404468 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
How Bilingualism Contributes to Healthy Development in Deaf Children: A Public Health Perspective
Wilkinson, E., & Morford, J. P. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02976-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Piñar, P., Dussias, P. E., & Morford, J. P. (2011) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2011.00307.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Assessing lexicalism through bimodal eyes
Branchini, C., & Donati, C. (2016) · Glossa a journal of general linguistics · doi:10.5334/gjgl.29 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The time course of cross-language activation in deaf ASL–English bilinguals
Morford, J. P., Occhino, C., Piñar, P., Wilkinson, E., & Kroll, J. F. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891500067x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bobb, S. C., & Kroll, J. F. (2018) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.54.14bob · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Covert Co-Activation of Bilinguals’ Non-Target Language: Phonological Competition from Translations
Shook, A., & Marian, V. (2017) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.17022.sho · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Emmorey, K. D., McCullough, S., & Weisberg, J. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1014924 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sign Language Ability in Young Deaf Signers Predicts Comprehension of Written Sentences in English
Andrew, K. N., Hoshooley, J. S., & Joanisse, M. F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089994 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Translation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance
Prior, A., Kroll, J., & MacWhinney, B. (2012) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728912000272 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
ERP Evidence for Co-Activation of English Words during Recognition of American Sign Language Signs
Lee, B., Meade, G., Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P., & Emmorey, K. (2019) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci9060148 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
ASL and English bilingual Shared Book Reading: An exploratory intervention for signing deaf children
Wolsey, J.-L. A., Clark, M. D., & Andrews, J. F. (2018) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2018.1481893 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Analytic Versus Holistic Recognition of Chinese Words Among L2 Learners
Jiang, N., Hou, F., & Xin, J. (2020) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12662 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Villwock, A., Wilkinson, E., Piñar, P., & Morford, J. P. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104642 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Deaf readers’ response to syntactic complexity: Evidence from self-paced reading
Traxler, M. J., Corina, D. P., Morford, J. P., Hafer, S., & Hoversten, L. J. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0346-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Phonological Coding during Sentence Reading in Chinese Deaf Readers: An Eye-Tracking Study
Yan, G., Lan, Z., Meng, Z., Wang, Y., & Benson, V. (2020) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2020.1778000 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Measures of Expressive Language
Morere, D. A., Witkin, G. A., & Murphy, L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5269-0_8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wen, Y., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2018) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.03.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
What is the Source of Bilingual Cross-Language Activation in Deaf Bilinguals?
Morford, J. P., Occhino, C., Zirnstein, M., Kroll, J. F., Wilkinson, E., & Piñar, P. (2019) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enz024 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fingerspelling and Its Role in Translanguaging
Lee, B., & Secora, K. R. (2022) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages7040278 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Issues and Trends in Sign Language Assessment
Paludneviciene, R., Hauser, P. C., Daggett, D. J., & Kurz, K. B. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5269-0_11 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pan, J., Shu, H., Wang, Y., & Yan, M. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0511-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of SES on Literacy Development of Deaf Signing Bilinguals
Twitchell, P., Morford, J. P., & Hauser, P. C. (2015) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2015.0003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
McKee, M. M., Hauser, P. C., Champlin, S., Paasche‐Orlow, M. K., Wyse, K., Cuculick, J., Buis, L. R., Plegue, M. A., Sen, A., & Fetters, M. D. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/14889 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Activation of ASL signs during sentence reading for deaf readers: evidence from eye-tracking
Saunders, E., Mirault, J., & Emmorey, K. D. (2024) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728924000336 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
van Hell, J. G., & Kroll, J. F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139035279.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Predictors of reading comprehension in deaf and hearing bilinguals
Cates, D., Traxler, M. J., & Corina, D. P. (2021) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716421000412 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cross-language influences: translation status affects intraword sense relatedness
Degani, T., & Tokowicz, N. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0322-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gray, T., & Kiran, S. (2018) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728917000712 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wen, Y., Filik, R., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25072-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Positive Relationship Between Sign Language Comprehension and Mental Rotation Abilities
Kubicek, E., & Quandt, L. C. (2020) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enaa030 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bilingualism and language similarity modify the neural mechanisms of selective attention
Olguin, A., Cekić, M., Bekinschtein, T., Katsos, N., & Bozic, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44782-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bosworth, R. G., Binder, E. M., Tyler, S. C., & Morford, J. P. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104659 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ortega, G., & Morgan, G. (2014) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2014.959533 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Phonological and semantic priming in American Sign Language: N300 and N400 effects
Meade, G. F., Lee, B., Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P. J., & Emmorey, K. D. (2018) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2018.1446543 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Salig, L. K., Kroff, J. R. V., Slevc, L. R., & Novick, J. M. (2021) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00046 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A tale of two frequency effects: Toward a verification model of L2 word recognition
Jiang, N., Li, M., & Guo, T. (2019) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716419000481 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Morford, J. P., Wilkinson, E., Villwock, A., Piñar, P., & Kroll, J. F.
- Affiliations
- U.S. National Science Foundation (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morford, Jill P.
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 286-292
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3034361
- OpenAlex
- W2148773149
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 26.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01-HD053146)
- National Science Foundation (SBE-0541953, BCS-0418071)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- deaf signers, American Sign Language, English reading, sign translation, semantic relatedness, lexical access, bilingualism, sign language translation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Semantics, Sign Language, Multilingualism, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
