The time course of anticipatory constraint integration

“(2003) suggest one more alternative: simple recurrent networks (SRNs; Elman, 1990).”

“One possible alternative to Kuperberg’s dual stream framework comes from ‘‘satisficing’’ (good enough, nonmaximizing; Simon, 1956) parsing theories; the ‘‘good enough representations’’ of Ferreira and colleagues (e.”

“However , a model like TRACE ( McClelland & Elman , 1986 ) predicts such effects without explicit tracking of word onsets or offsets , or any explicit representation of a discrete set of possible completions .”

“But if this were so, why should it be a general property of self-organizing systems that they activate or prime representation or structure that is incompatible with predictions afforded by, for example, a word onset (in the case of rhyme activation), a role clearly having been filled (as in priming in the current stu…”

“…information impacts a listener's interpretation is a point of serious contention among theories of sentence processing (e.g., Frazier & Fodor, 1978; MacDonald, Pearlmutter, & Seidenberg, 1994), and has been the focus of considerable research in psycholinguistics (e.g., Duffy, Morris, & Rayner,…”

“, Shillcock & Bard , 1993 ; Swinney , 1979 ) , we increased both in Experiment 2 .”

“These results from the ERP literature add further credence to the possibility that in situations like those used by Altmann and Kamide (1999), ''anticipation'' of cake given The boy will eat. . . could be driven at least in part by local priming of thematic (or event or situation) knowledge at the…”

“This would be analogous to fixations to rhymes in spoken word recognition studies (e.g., looking at speaker given the unambiguous input beaker; Allopenna et al., 1998).”

“…of when contextual information impacts a listener's interpretation is a point of serious contention among theories of sentence processing (e.g., Frazier & Fodor, 1978; MacDonald, Pearlmutter, & Seidenberg, 1994), and has been the focus of considerable research in psycholinguistics (e.g.,…”

“…(an ERP component that is sensitive to how surprising a word is) upon encountering a determiner that does not fit with an expected upcoming noun (DeLong et al., 2005; see also Wicha, Moreno, & Kutas, 2004, and for related results in Dutch, see Van Berkum, Brown, Zwitserlood, Kooijman, &…”

“( 1997 ) also suggest that the distributed memory model of McClelland and Rumelhart ( 1985 ) might provide a good framework for priming based on thematic fit .”

“…Fodor, 1978; MacDonald, Pearlmutter, & Seidenberg, 1994), and has been the focus of considerable research in psycholinguistics (e.g., Duffy, Morris, & Rayner, 1988; Ferreira & Clifton, 1986; Swinney, 1979; Tanenhaus, Leiman, & Seidenberg, 1979; Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 1995).”

“Such views would not predict activation of representations that are compatible with already-filled roles.”

“One possibly fruitful question for future research is whether the SOPARSE architecture might provide a unifying framework encompassing both hypothesized streams (Kuperberg, 2007).”

“While Kamide, Altmann, et al. (2003) discuss the possibility that anticipatory fixations could result from a system that does not actively predict upcoming referents, they argue that their results are most consistent with ''an incremental processor that establishes the fullest possible…”

“Listeners' eye movements are monitored as they view (and often interact with) a visual scene and listen to speech (for a related precursor, see Cooper, 1974).”

“Spivey ( 2007 ) visualizes the state of a recurrent network over time as points in a many dimen - sional space ( e . g .”

“, Cree & McRae , 2003 ; Cree , McRae , & McNorgan , 1999 ; O ' Connor , McRae , & Cree , 2006 ) , or a re - lated attractor framework tailored to sequential processing of spoken input ( Plaut & Kello , 1999 ) .”

“' ' acknowl - edge ' ' senses of ' ' admit ' ' ) indicated by a sentence context in turn affects parsing preferences ( Hare , McRae , & Elman , 2003 , 2004 ) , and verb aspect ( ' ' was skating ' ' vs .”

“…, thematic and other aspects of linguistic knowledge would constitute features at varying time scales , that would be simultaneously embedded statisti - cally within the patterns of connectivity within the net - work without explicit levels of representation ( see also Elman , 2004 , 2009 ) .”

“The impact of lexical priming is observable even as a word is unfolding ( Huettig & Altmann , 2005 ; Yee & Sedivy , 2006 ) .”

“While their studies have revealed that accessing a word triggers activation of rich thematic and event knowledge (Ferretti et al., 2001; McRae et al., 2005), they have also shown that there is a subtle and complex interplay between such priming, and mechanisms of ongoing sentence processing that they explain via const…”

“…to afford robust prediction of upcoming syntactic constituents and even specific words (for related results, see Pearlmutter & MacDonald, 1995), and have motivated theories that posit active forecasting mechanisms in sentence processing (e.g., Altmann & Kamide, 2007; Knoeferle & Crocker, 2007).”

“For example, Kim and Osterhout (2005) pitted syntactic cues against semantic cues to thematic role in sentences like The meal was devouring. . .: while syntactic features of meal suggest that the verb is semantically anomalous (e.g., cooking would be more appropriate), semantic cues suggest the verb should be in past…”

“, Altmann & Mirkovic , 2009 ) .”

“Kamide, Scheepers, and Altmann (2003) used a visual world design which included such items: their displays depicted sets like a hare, fox, cabbage, and tree, and their sentences described one of the items (e.g., hare) in differing thematic roles in an active (e.g., The hare will eat the cabbage)…”

“John & McClelland , 1990 ) , since both have been construed as models of role filling ( though neither framework is lim - ited to such scope ) , and both have logically assumed for - ward directionality .”

“, put, as in Chambers et al., 2004, or return, as in Chambers & San Juan, 2008). Let us emphasize again that we are not excluding a role for prediction based upon context-specific evaluation of verb and object properties. As Chambers et al. put it, highly specific and possibly never experienced non-linguistic scene an…”

“…system may require two loosely interacting streams ( lexical - semantic and morphosyntactic – thematic ) as suggested by Kuperberg ( 2007 ; see also Kim & Osterhout , 2005 ) , or it may be possible for both local priming and forward - directed prediction to emerge within a single self -…”

“Some of our items were based on materials from McRae et al. (1997, 1998) and Binder, Duffy, and Rayner (2001). Each verb was grouped with seven animate nouns: some nouns were good agent or patient candidates, some were poor candidates, and some were included to fall in the middle of the typicality scale.”

“The impact of lexical priming is observable even as a word is unfolding ( Huettig & Altmann , 2005 ; Yee & Sedivy , 2006 ) .”

“Our findings are complementary to those of Knoeferle and Crocker ( 2006 , 2007 ) .”

“While their studies have revealed that accessing a word triggers activation of rich thematic and event knowledge (Ferretti et al., 2001; McRae et al., 2005), they have also shown that there is a subtle and complex interplay between such priming, and mechanisms of ongoing sentence processing that they explain via const…”

“In SOPARSE , local information can compete quite powerfully with global ( longer time scale ) information related via a set of linked treelets activated by the input thus far .”

“…, with the words that we have heard , whether based on the - matic role compatibility ( Altmann & Kamide , 1999 ) , visual features of objects ( Dahan & Tanenhaus , 2005 ) , depicted or implied event information ( Altmann & Kamide , 2007 ; Knoeferle & Crocker , 2006 , 2007 ) , category (…”

“In general , for effects to be detect - able immediately , constraints must be overwhelmingly strong , whether they are based on lexical priming , or linguis - tic ( Dahan & Tanenhaus , 2004 ) , scene ( Altmann & Kamide , 1999 ) , or pragmatic ( Magnuson et al .”

“In - stead , consistent with Altmann and Kamide ( 2007 , 2009 ) , lexical , syntactic , thematic and other aspects of linguistic knowledge would constitute features at varying time scales , that would be simultaneously embedded statisti - cally within the patterns of connectivity within the net -…”

“At the other end of the continuum, we have fixations to items in a display that are semantically related to a named target, but that have no other connection to the unfolding language or the task at hand (Dahan & Tanenhaus, 2005; Huettig & Altmann, 2005; Myung et al., 2006; Yee & Sedivy, 2006).”

“At first glance, our results may appear consistent with the classical view of context integration proposed by Swinney (1979) and Tanenhaus et al.”

“, 2005; Ferretti et al., 2001; Knoeferle & Crocker, 2006, 2007) provide strong evidence for anticipation based on forecasting. However, such results do not rule out the possibility of important contributions of local thematic priming in addition (cf. Kuperberg, 2007). The complexity required of a forecasting mechanism…”

“However , the original interpretation of these results no longer holds ; Shillcock and Bard ( 1993 ) demonstrated that immediate context - selective priming is obtained when constraints are sub - stantially stronger than those used in the 1979 studies ( see also Magnuson et al .”

“In SOPARSE , local information can compete quite powerfully with global ( longer time scale ) information related via a set of linked treelets activated by the input thus far .”

“…to afford robust prediction of upcoming syntactic constituents and even specific words (for related results, see Pearlmutter & MacDonald, 1995), and have motivated theories that posit active forecasting mechanisms in sentence processing (e.g., Altmann & Kamide, 2007; Knoeferle & Crocker, 2007).”

“( 1997 , 1998 ) and Binder , Duffy , and Rayner ( 2001 ) .”

“Here , we appeal to the distinction between exploitation ( maximization ) vs . exploration ( Movellan & McClelland , 2001 ) .”

“Chambers and San Juan (2008) have also demonstrated that anticipatory eye movements are driven by dynamic, ''situation-specific'' knowledge concerning the relationship between scene and sentence.”

“In general, for effects to be detectable immediately, constraints must be overwhelmingly strong, whether they are based on lexical priming, or linguistic (Dahan & Tanenhaus, 2004), scene (Altmann & Kamide, 1999), or pragmatic (Magnuson et al., 2008) context.”