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Role of chemical activation in the development of carbon porosity
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“A redox reaction has taken place during KOH activation, where the carbon is oxidized to CO or CO2, thus generating pores [59].”
From Preparation of Microporous Carbon from Sargassum horneri by Hydrothermal Carbonization and KOH Activation for CO2 Capture (2018) · cites this paper as [59]
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Maiti, S., Purakayastha, S., & Ghosh, B. (2007) · Chemical Engineering Communications · doi:10.1080/00986440701707917 · Cited by 52
“Several researchers have described the mechanism of formation of pores or the process of chemical activation by zinc chloride (Hu et al, 2001 ; Molina-Sabio and Rodriguez-Reinoso, 2004 ).”
BackgroundShrestha, D., & Rajbhandari, A. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07917 · Cited by 53
“It might be due to the presence of innumerable mesoporosity along with microporosity in the case of phosphoric acid activated carbon (Sr–H3PO4) [35].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWell-defined mesoporosity on lignocellulosic-derived activated carbons
Silvestre‐Albero, A., Gonçalves, M., Itoh, T., Kaneko, K., Endo, M., Thommes, M., Rodríguez-Reinoso, F., & Silvestre‐Albero, J. (2011) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.08.007 · Cited by 51
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Development of mesoporosity during phosphoric acid activation of wood in steam atmosphere
Klijanienko, A., Lorenc-Grabowska, E., & Gryglewicz, G. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.059 · Cited by 51
KOH activation of pitch-derived carbonaceous materials—Effect of carbonization degree
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“When the carbonization temperature is over 900 °C , molten zinc chloride evaporates and subsequently creates large amounts of fine pores and medium-sized pores [59,60], which largely increases the sample’s surface area.”
BackgroundResultKrishnan, S. G., Arulraj, A., Jagadish, P. R., Khalid, M., Nasrollahzadeh, M., Ran, F., Yang, C., & Hegde, G. (2022) · Critical reviews in solid state and materials sciences/CRC critical reviews in solid state and materials sciences · doi:10.1080/10408436.2022.2027225 · Cited by 50
Fletcher, A. J., Somorin, T. O., & Aladeokin, O. (2023) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-023-10683-7 · Cited by 48
“This can be attributed to the basic structure being already formed at ~ 500 °C, since the distillation of tar occurs ~ 350–500 °C [19].”
InfluentialModification techniques to improve the capacitive performance of biocarbon materials
Devi, N. S., Hariram, M., & Vivekanandhan, S. (2020) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.101870 · Cited by 48
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Brazil, T. R., Gonçalves, M., de Oliveira, M. S., & Rezende, M. C. (2020) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110485 · Cited by 47
The Effect of Chemical Activating Agent on the Properties of Activated Carbon from Sago Waste
Togibasa, O., Mumfaijah, M., Allo, Y. K., Dahlan, K., & Ansanay, Y. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112411640 · Cited by 46
“There is a strong development of porosity on activation of a lignocellulosic precursor with the chemical agents [54].”
BackgroundEffect of activated carbon and furan resin on asphalt mixture performance
Bostancıoğlu, M., & Oruç, Ş. (2015) · Road Materials and Pavement Design · doi:10.1080/14680629.2015.1092465 · Cited by 45
“The resulting chemical-loaded sample was placed in a furnace and heated (12.5°C/min) to the final carbonisation temperature of 450°C for 2 h (Çuhadar, 2005; Guo et al., 2005; Molina-Sabio & Rodríguez-Reinoso, 2004; Şen, 2009).”
MethodInfluentialAshourirad, B., Demir, M., Smith, R. A., Gupta, R. B., & El‐Kaderi, H. M. (2018) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c8ra00546j · Cited by 45
Zhang, Y., Cheng, L., & Ji, Y. (2022) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2022.07.049 · Cited by 44
Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R on activated carbon prepared from a pine cone
Geçgel, Ü., & Kolancılar, H. (2011) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2010.541878 · Cited by 44
“The activating agents such as KOH (Molina-Sabio & Rodriguez-Reinoso, 2004), phosphoric acid (Soleimani & Kaghazchi, 2007) and zinc chloride (Tsai et al., 2001) can be used in the chemical activation process.”
BackgroundAdsorption of Copper(II) Ions onto Hazelnut Shell and Apricot Stone Activated Carbons
Özçimen, D. B., & Ersoy‐Meriçboyu, A. (2010) · Adsorption Science & Technology · doi:10.1260/0263-6174.28.4.327 · Cited by 44
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Porous carbon fabrication techniques: A review
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Dzikunu, P., Appiah, E. S., Arthur, E. K., Akinwamide, S. O., Gikunoo, E., Fangnon, E. A. K., Mensah‐Darkwa, K., Andrews, A., & Vilaça, P. (2025) · Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1007/s40243-024-00285-4 · Cited by 44
“However, the challenge lies in generating adequate porosity which can be addressed through chemical activation using agents like KOH or H ₃ PO ₄ [74].”
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CO2 adsorption on granular and monolith carbonaceous materials
Vargas, D. P., Giraldo, L., & Moreno‐Piraján, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.016 · Cited by 42
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Zhang, X., Mao, X., Pi, L., Wu, T., & Hu, Y. M. (2019) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103066 · Cited by 41
Chemical activation of tannin–furanic carbon foams
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Preparation of activated carbon from autohydrolysed mixed southern hardwood
Yağmur, E., Tunc, M. S., Banford, A., & Aktaş, Z. (2013) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2013.05.025 · Cited by 40
Activated carbon aerogel as electrode material for coin-type EDLC cell in organic electrolyte
Kwon, S. H., Lee, E. J., Kim, B., Kim, S., Lee, B.-J., Kim, M.-S., & Jung, J. C. (2014) · Current Applied Physics · doi:10.1016/j.cap.2014.02.010 · Cited by 40
Bader, N., Zacharia, R., Ouederni, A., & Cossement, D. (2017) · Journal of Porous Materials · doi:10.1007/s10934-017-0436-8 · Cited by 40
Cesano, F., Cravanzola, S., Brunella, V., & Scarano, D. (2019) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109605 · Cited by 40
Zeng, G., Lou, S., Ying, H., Wu, X., Dou, X., Ai, N., & Wang, J. (2018) · Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2018/4319149 · Cited by 44
“A redox reaction has taken place during KOH activation, where the carbon is oxidized to CO or CO2, thus generating pores [59].”
BackgroundCatalytic Hydrothermal Upgrading of α-Cellulose using Iron Salts as a Lewis Acid
Hamid, S. B. A., Teh, S. J., & Lim, Y. S. (2015) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.10.3.5974-5986 · Cited by 39
“These samples also possess an aliphatic C-H structure at 2800 to 3000 cm-1, which can be attributed to the aliphatic stretching as well as spectra in the 1000- to 1460-cm-1 region, corresponding to the C-O stretching in hydroxyl, ester or ether, and O-H bending vibrations (Presser et al. 2011).”
BackgroundJaouadi, M., Hbaïeb, S., Guedidi, H., Reinert, L., Amdouni, N., & Duclaux, L. (2016) · Journal of Saudi Chemical Society · doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2016.01.001 · Cited by 39
“Temperaturewas set to 500 Cas it is well known that the carbons from plant species origin show the highest specific surface area while pyrolizing in the 450–500 C range [13].”
Sustainable nitrogen-rich hierarchical porous carbon nest for supercapacitor application
Zhou, J., Wang, H., Yang, W. M., Wu, S., & Han, W. (2018) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.095 · Cited by 39
Removal of toxic metals with activated carbon prepared from Salvadora persica
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Attia, N. F., Lee, S. M., Kim, H. J., & Geckeler, K. E. (2013) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.02.016 · Cited by 38
Understanding the adsorption sites on nitrogen- and oxygen-doped carbon nanotubes for iodine uptake
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Pati, S. K., Hwang, Y., Lee, H., Kim, B.-J., & Park, S. (2023) · Carbon letters · doi:10.1007/s42823-023-00628-7 · Cited by 37
“The type of raw materials, deposition rate of the chemical in the car-bonized carbon, and activation temperature largely affect the microstructural properties and adsorption capacity of activated carbon, and thus determine the electrochemical performances [22, 23].”
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A simple method for preparing porous carbon by PVDC pyrolysis
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Makeswari, M., & Santhi, T. (2012) · Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2013/314790 · Cited by 36
Cesano, F., Rahman, M. M., Bertarione, S., Vitillo, J. G., Scarano, D., & Zecchina, A. (2011) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.12.015 · Cited by 35
Nanoporous Carbon Synthesis: An Old Story with Exciting New Chapters
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“Simultaneously, there is also some gasification of carbon atoms due to reaction with CO2 and H2O, resulting from the redox reaction of carbon with potassium compounds [30].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPreparation of Activated Carbon from Desiccated Coconut Residue by Chemical Activation with NaOH
Yahya, M. A., Ngah, C. W. Z. C. W., Hashim, M. A., & Al‐Qodah, Z. (2015) · Journal of Materials Science Research · doi:10.5539/jmsr.v5n1p24 · Cited by 35
Temdrara, L., Addoun, A., & Khelifi, A. (2013) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1080/19443994.2013.838523 · Cited by 35
Meisner, G. P., & Hu, Q. (2009) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/20/204023 · Cited by 34
Nanoarchitectonics of Lotus Seed Derived Nanoporous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Shrestha, R. L., Chaudhary, R., Shrestha, T., Tamrakar, B. M., Shrestha, R. G., Maji, S., Hill, J. P., Ariga, K., & Shrestha, L. K. (2020) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma13235434 · Cited by 34
Mesoporous activated carbon yielded from pre-leached cassava peels
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Adsorption of lincomycin on microwave activated biochar: Batch and dynamic adsorption
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Mohammad, A. H., Radović, I. R., Ivanović, M., & Kijevčanin, M. L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811144 · Cited by 34
Selenium/pomelo peel-derived carbon nanocomposite as advanced cathode for lithium-selenium batteries
Sun, K., Zhao, H., Zhang, S., Yao, J., & Xu, J. (2015) · Ionics · doi:10.1007/s11581-015-1451-x · Cited by 34
“Many biomass-derived porous carbons have been prepared through high-temperature pyrolysis, further activation with KOH, ZnCl2, and H3PO4, and so on [15], and their application study in the field of rechargeable batteries and super capacitors have been carried out widely [16–22].”
MethodClark, H. M., Alves, C. C. O., França, A. S., & Oliveira, L. S. (2012) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2012.04.026 · Cited by 34
Mansouri, F. E., Pelaz, G., Morán, A., da Silva, J. C. G. E., Cacciola, F., Farissi, H. E., Tayeq, H., Zerrouk, M. H., & Brigui, J. (2022) · Separations · doi:10.3390/separations9100283 · Cited by 33
“This may be due to the escape of gases released during the carbonization process [28,29].”
BackgroundCellulose generated-microporous carbon nanosheets with nitrogen doping
Shen, W., Hu, T., & Fan, W. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c3ra47946c · Cited by 33
Efficiency of Wood-Dust of Dalbergia sisoo as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Rhodamine-B Dye Removal
Shrestha, D. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11092217 · Cited by 33
“and pore volume might be due to the presence of innumerable mesoporosity along with microporosity [20].”
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Гунько, В. М., Meikle, S. T., Kozynchenko, O. P., Tennison, S. R., Ehrburger‐Dolle, F., Morfin, I., & Mikhalovsky, S. V. (2011) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp201835r · Cited by 33
Removal of Phenol and 4-Chlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions by Olive Stone-Based Activated Carbon
Termoul, M., Bestanı, B., Benderdouche, N., Belhakem, M., & Naffrechoux, E. (2006) · Adsorption Science & Technology · doi:10.1260/026361706779849780 · Cited by 33
“Several chemical agents such as phosphoric acid, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide (Molina-Sabio and Rodriguez-Reinoso 2004) have been used to prepare activated carbons chemically.”
Nieto-Delgado, C., & Rangel-Mendez, J. R. (2012) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.09.014 · Cited by 32
NO Reduction on Carbon-Supported Chromium Catalysts
Rosas, J. M., Rodríguez‐Mirasol, J., & Cordero, T. (2010) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/ef901455v · Cited by 32
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“Likewise, calculated micropore volumes from N2 isotherms (from 9 to 20 Å) also increase with activation, confirming the fact that, in the chemical activation with phosphoric acid, the porosity is closely related to the degree of impregnation (Molina-Sabio and Rodrı́guez-Reinoso, 2004).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Molina-Sabio, M., & Rodrı́guez-Reinoso, F.
- Venue
- Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 241
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 15-25
- ISSN
- 0927-7757 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2020304143
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 38.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Adsorption, diffusion, and thermodynamic properties of materials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- chemical activation, carbon porosity, granular activated carbon, lignocellulosic precursors, olive stones, peach stones, phosphoric acid, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, microporosity, mesoporosity, pore size distribution, impregnation ratio, methane adsorption
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