Factors associated with clinical trials that fail and opportunities for improving the likelihood of success: A review
Open accessAbstract
Clinical trials are time consuming, expensive, and often burdensome on patients. Clinical trials can fail for many reasons. This survey reviews many of these reasons and offers insights on opportunities for improving the likelihood of creating and executing successful clinical trials. Literature from the past 30 years was reviewed for relevant data. Common patterns in reported successful trials are identified, including factors regarding the study site, study coordinator/investigator, and the effects on participating patients. Specific instances where artificial intelligence can help improve clinical trials are identified.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It has been suggested that highly specific inclusion criteria may result in difficulties identifying suitable participants, especially for low prevalence conditions and hard-to-reach populations.
“It has been suggested that highly specific inclusion criteria may result in difficulties identifying suitable participants, especially for low prevalence conditions and hard-to-reach populations [55].”
Recruitment challenges, low adherence, and high rates of attrition commonly compromise randomised controlled trials.
“Recruitment challenges, low adherence, and high rates of attrition commonly compromise randomised controlled trials [55, 56]”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lexicon-based methods for sentiment analysis
Taboada, M., Brooke, J., Tofiloski, M., Voll, K., & Stede, M. (2011) · Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/coli_a_00049 · Cited by 3,301 · see citing works
How to Solve It: Modern Heuristics
Michalewicz, Z., & Fogel, D. B. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04131-4 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Self-citationThe prevention and handling of the missing data
Kang, H. (2013) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kjae.2013.64.5.402 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works
Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires
Edwards, P. J., Roberts, I., Clarke, M. J., DiGuiseppi, C., Wentz, R., Kwan, I., Cooper, R., Felix, L. M., & Pratap, S. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000008.pub4 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
Zafar, S. Y., Peppercorn, J. M., Schrag, D., Taylor, D. H., Goetzinger, A. M., Zhong, X., & Abernethy, A. P. (2013) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0279 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
The State of the Art of Nurse Rostering
Burke, E. K., Causmaecker, P. D., Berghe, G. V., et al. (2004) · Journal of Scheduling · doi:10.1023/b:josh.0000046076.75950.0b · Cited by 949 · see citing works
McDonald, A. M., Knight, R. C., Campbell, M. K., Entwistle, V. A., Grant, A. M., Cook, J. A., Elbourne, D. R., Francis, D., Garcia, J., Roberts, I., et al. (2006) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-7-9 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Readability Standards for Informed-Consent Forms as Compared with Actual Readability
Paasche‐Orlow, M. K., Taylor, H. A., & Brancati, F. L. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa021212 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Talarico, L., Chen, G., & Pazdur, R. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2004.02.175 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
What can natural language processing do for clinical decision support?
Demner‐Fushman, D., Chapman, W. W., & McDonald, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2009.08.007 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
The power of social media analytics
Fan, W., & Gordon, M. D. (2014) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/2602574 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Bostock, S., & Steptoe, A. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e1602 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Barriers to the Recruitment of Older Patients With Cancer Onto Clinical Trials
Townsley, C. A., Selby, R., & Siu, L. L. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.00.141 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Low-Dose Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients With Acute Lung Injury A Randomized Controlled Trial
Taylor, R. W. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.13.1603 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
The Continuing Unethical Conduct of Underpowered Clinical Trials
Halpern, S. D. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.358 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Sateren, W. B., Trimble, E. L., Abrams, J. S., Brawley, O. W., Breen, N., Ford, L. G., McCabe, M. S., Kaplan, R. S., Smith, M. A., Ungerleider, R. S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2002.08.056 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Perceptions of cancer patients and their physicians involved in phase I trials.
Daugherty, C. K., Ratain, M. J., Grochowski, E. C., Stocking, C., Kodish, E. D., Mick, R., & Siegler, M. A. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1995.13.5.1062 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
The Impact of Serious Illness on Patients' Families
Covinsky, K. E. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520230049037 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Hróbjartsson, A., Thomsen, A. S. S., Emanuelsson, F., Tendal, B., Hilden, J., Boutron, I., Ravaud, P., & Brorson, S. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e1119 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Automated Design of Production Scheduling Heuristics: A Review
Branke, J., Nguyen, S., Pickardt, C. W., & Zhang, M. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation · doi:10.1109/tevc.2015.2429314 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Failure of Investigational Drugs in Late-Stage Clinical Development and Publication of Trial Results
Hwang, T. J., Carpenter, D. P., Lauffenburger, J. C., Wang, B., Franklin, J. M., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6008 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Campbell, M., Snowdon, C., Francis, D., Elbourne, D., McDonald, A., Knight, R., Entwistle, V, Garcia, J., Roberts, I., Grant, A., et al. (2007) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta11480 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Use of Social Media in Health Promotion
Neiger, B. L., Thackeray, R., Wagenen, S. A. V., Hanson, C. L., West, J. H., Barnes, M., & Fagen, M. C. (2012) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839911433467 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Why clinical trial outcomes fail to translate into benefits for patients
Heneghan, C., Goldacre, B., & Mahtani, K. R. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1870-2 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Recruitment for controlled clinical trials: Literature summary and annotated bibliography
Lovato, L., Hill, K., Hertert, S., Hunninghake, D. B., & Probstfield, J. L. (1997) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(96)00236-x · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Factors that limit the quality, number and progress of randomised controlled trials
Prescott, Counsell, Gillespie, Grant, Russell, Kiauka, Colthart, Ross, Shepherd, & Russell (1999) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta3200 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Carlisle, B., Kimmelman, J., Ramsay, T., & MacKinnon, N. (2015) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774514558307 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Fletcher, B., Gheorghe, A., Moore, D., Wilson, S., & Damery, S. L. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000496 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Informed Consent for Clinical Trials: a Comparative Study of Standard Versus Simplified Forms
Davis, T. C., Berkel, H. J., Holcombe, R. F., Pramanik, S., & Divers, S. G. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.9.668 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Bernard, D., Farr, S. L., & Fang, Z. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.33.0522 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Hui, D., Glitza, I., Chisholm, G., Yennu, S., & Bruera, E. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.27854 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Rosbach, M., & Andersen, J. S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179916 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Moorcraft, S. Y., Marriott, C., Peckitt, C., Cunningham, D., Chau, I., Starling, N., Watkins, D. J., & Rao, S. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1105-3 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Lincoff, A. M., Tardif, J., Schwartz, G. G., Nicholls, S. J., Rydén, L., Neal, B. C., Malmberg, K., Wedel, H., Buse, J. B., Henry, R. R., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3321 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Williams, R. J., Tse, T., DiPiazza, K., & Zarin, D. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127242 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Hripcsak, G. M., Austin, J. H. M., Alderson, P. O., & Friedman, C. (2002) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2241011118 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Patient satisfaction with ambulatory healthcare services: waiting time and filling time.
Dansky, K. H., & Miles, J. A. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Carrell, D., Schoen, R. E., Leffler, D. A., Morris, M. M., Rose, S., Baer, A. B., Crockett, S. D., Gourevitch, R. A., Dean, K. M., & Mehrotra, A. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx039 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials
Byrne, M. M., Tannenbaum, S. L., Glück, S., Hurley, J. E., & Antoni, M. H. (2013) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x13497264 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Abraha, I., Cherubini, A., Cozzolino, F., De Florio, R., Luchetta, M. L., Rimland, J. M., Folletti, I., Marchesi, M., Germani, A., Orso, M., et al. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h2445 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Adult cancer clinical trials that fail to complete: an epidemic?
Stensland, K. D., McBride, R. B., Latif, A., Wisnivesky, J., Hendricks, R., Roper, N., Boffetta, P., Hall, S. J., Oh, W. K., & Galsky, M. D. (2014) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dju229 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Improving recruitment to health research in primary care
Bower, P., Wallace, P., Ward, E. S., Graffy, J., Miller, J. M., Delaney, B. C., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2009) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmp037 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Audet, L., Bourgault, P., & Rochefort, C. M. (2018) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.007 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Linde, K., Kriston, L., Rücker, G., Jamil, S., Schumann, I., Meißner, K., Sigterman, K. E., & Schneider, A. (2015) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1687 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Informative inducement: Study payment as a signal of risk
Cryder, C. E., London, A. J., Volpp, K. G. M., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.047 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Wieseler, B., Wolfram, N., McGauran, N., Kerekes, M. F., Vervölgyi, V., Kohlepp, P., Kamphuis, M., & Grouven, U. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001526 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
El-Sadr, W. M., Donnell, D., Beauchamp, G., Hall, H. I., Torian, L. V., Zingman, B., Lum, G., Kharfen, M., Elion, R., Leider, J., et al. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.2158 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Optimal booking and scheduling in outpatient procedure centers
Berg, B. P., Denton, B. T., Erdogan, S. A., et al. (2014) · Computers & Operations Research · doi:10.1016/j.cor.2014.04.007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Rosiglitazone: what went wrong?
Cohen, D. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c4848 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Sood, A., Prasad, K., Chhatwani, L., et al. (2009) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/84.3.243 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The economic value of personalized medicine tests: what we know and what we need to know
Phillips, K. A., Sakowski, J. A., Trosman, J. R., Douglas, M. P., Liang, S., & Neumann, P. J. (2013) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2013.122 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
DiMasi, J. A., Grabowski, H. G., & Hansen, R. W. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1504317 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Practical tips for surgical research: how to optimize patient recruitment.
Thoma, A., Farrokhyar, F., McKnight, L. L., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Javid, S. H., Unger, J. M., Gralow, J. R., Moinpour, C. M., Wozniak, A. J., Goodwin, J. W., Lara, P. N., Williams-Piehota, P. A., Hutchins, L. F., Gotay, C. C., et al. (2012) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0384 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Predicting Low Accrual in the National Cancer Institute’s Cooperative Group Clinical Trials
Bennette, C. S., Ramsey, S. D., McDermott, C. L., Carlson, J. J., Basu, A., & Veenstra, D. L. (2016) · Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djv324 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lièvre, M. M., Boyd, K., Ménard, J., Bruckert, É., Cogneau, J., Delahaye, F., Giral, P., Leitersdorf, E., Luc, G., Masana, L., et al. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7286.603 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Schroen, A. T., Petroni, G. R., Wang, H., Gray, R. J., Wang, X. F., Cronin, W. M., Sargent, D. J., Benedetti, J., Wickerham, D. L., Djulbegović, B., et al. (2010) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774510374973 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Patient recruitment to a randomized clinical trial of behavioral therapy for chronic heart failure
Chang, B., Hendricks, A., Slawsky, M., & LoCastro, J. S. (2004) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-4-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
An evolutionary approach to rehabilitation patient scheduling: A case study
Chien, C., Tseng, F.-P., & Chen, C.-H. (2007) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2007.01.062 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Slomka, J., McCurdy, S., Ratliff, E. A., Timpson, S. C., & Williams, M. L. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0319-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Molnar, F., Man‐Son‐Hing, M., & Fergusson, D. A. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02122.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Porrata, L. F., Ingle, J., Litzow, M., et al. (2001) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703236 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Cost Concerns of Patients With Cancer
Stump, T. K., Eghan, N., Egleston, B. L., et al. (2013) · Journal of Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/jop.2013.000929 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Martinson, B. C., Lazovich, D., Lando, H. A., Perry, C. L., McGovern, P. G., & Boyle, R. G. (2000) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0762 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Recruitment of Older Participants in Frailty/Injury Prevention Studies
Ory, Lipman, Karlen, Gerety, M. B., Stevens, Singh, M. A. F., Buchner, SCHECHTMAN, K., & The FICSIT Group (2002) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1014610325059 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Developing a Model of the Benefits and Burdens of Research Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials
Ulrich, C. M., Knafl, K. A., Ratcliffe, S. J., Richmond, T. S., Grady, C., Miller‐Davis, C., & Wallen, G. R. (2012) · AJOB Primary Research · doi:10.1080/21507716.2011.653472 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Who can best recruit to randomized trials?
Donovan, J., Peters, T. J., Noble, S., Powell, P. H., Gillatt, D. A., Oliver, S. E., Lane, J. A., Neal, D. E., & Hamdy, F. C. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00083-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Measuring the Incidence, Causes, and Repercussions of Protocol Amendments
Getz, K. A., Zuckerman, R., Cropp, A. B., Hindle, A. L., Krauss, R., & Kaitin, K. I. (2011) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286151104500307 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Godskesen, T., HANSSON, M. G., Nygren, P., Nordin, K., & Kihlbom, U. (2014) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12184 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Schroll, J. B., Penninga, E. I., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002101 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ward, P., Rokkas, P., Cenko, C., et al. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2281-5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Enrollment of Patients With Lung and Colorectal Cancers Onto Clinical Trials
Fouad, M. N., Lee, J. Y., Catalano, P. J., VOGT, T. M., Zafar, S. Y., West, D. W., Simon, C., Klabunde, C. N., Kahn, K. L., Weeks, J. C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/jop.2012.000598 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Recruitment and Retention of the Older Adult into Research Studies
McNeely, E., & Clements, S. D. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/01376517-199402000-00011 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Effects of Educational Intervention in Waiting Room on Patient Satisfaction
Oermann, M. H. (2003) · Journal of Ambulatory Care Management · doi:10.1097/00004479-200304000-00007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Recognizing the Financial Burden of Cancer Patients in Clinical Trials
Nipp, R. D., Powell, E., Chabner, B. A., & Moy, B. (2015) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0068 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Twigg, D., Duffield, C. M., Bremner, A., Rapley, P., & Finn, J. (2012) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.05971.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Inconsistent reporting of surrogate outcomes in randomised clinical trials: cohort study
la Cour, J. L., Brok, J. S., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3653 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Majhail, N. S., Rizzo, J. D., Hahn, T., Lee, S. J., McCarthy, P. L., Ammi, M., Denzen, E. M., Drexler, R. J., Flesch, S., James, H., et al. (2012) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/bmt.2012.248 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Okuyemi, K., Cox, L. S., Nollen, N., Snow, T. M., Kaur, H., Choi, W. S., Nazir, N., Mayo, M., & Ahluwalia, J. (2007) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.3.183 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Randomised trials in general practice--a New Zealand experience in recruitment.
Pearl, A., Wright, S. J., Gamble, G. D., Doughty, R., & Sharpe, N. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 56 · see citing works
How Can We Assess Outcomes of Clinical Trials: The MCID Approach
Make, B. J. (2007) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412550701471231 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Feman, S. P. C., Nguyễn, L. T., Quilty, M. T., Kerr, C. E., Nam, B. H., Conboy, L. A., Singer, J. P., Park, M., Lembo, A. J., Kaptchuk, T. J., et al. (2007) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2007.08.004 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Participation and successful patient recruitment in primary care.
de Wit, N. J., Ao, Q., Ap, Z., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The effect of nurse staffing on clinical outcomes of children in hospital: a systematic review
Wilson, S., Bremner, A., Hauck, Y. L., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare · doi:10.1111/j.1744-1609.2011.00209.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Clinical Trials of Precision Medicine through Molecular Profiling: Focus on Breast Cancer
Zardavas, D., & Piccart, M. J. (2015) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e183 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Debate: The slippery slope of surrogate outcomes
D’Agostino, R. B. (2000) · Trials · doi:10.1186/cvm-1-2-076 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
STICH (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure) Trial Enrollment
Jones, R. H., White, H. D., Velazquez, E. J., Shaw, L. K., Pietrobon, R. S., Panza, J. A., Bonow, R. O., Sopko, G. S., O’Connor, C. M., & Rouleau, J. L. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.102 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hurtado‐Chong, A., Joeris, A., Hess, D., & Blauth, M. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014796 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The waiting room "wait": from annoyance to opportunity.
Sherwin, H. N., McKeown, M., Evans, M. F., et al. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Krieger, J. L. R., Neil, J. M., Strekalova, Y. A., & Sarge, M. A. (2016) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djw233 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Baquet, C. R., Ellison, G. L., & Mishra, S. I. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2007.14.6027 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Payment to healthcare professionals for patient recruitment to trials: a systematic review
Bryant, J., & powell, J. A. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7529.1377 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lincoff, A. M., Tardif, J., Neal, B. C., Nicholls, S. J., Rydén, L., Schwartz, G. G., Malmberg, K., Buse, J. B., Henry, R. R., Wedel, H., et al. (2013) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2013.05.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). Part 2: Screening and recruitment.
Petrovitch, H., Byington, R. P., Bailey, G., Borhani, P., Carmody, S. E., Goodwin, L., Harrington, J., Johnson, H. A., Johnson, P., & Jones, M. (1991) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.17.3_suppl.ii16 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Justification of exclusion criteria was underreported in a review of cardiovascular trials
Schmidt, A. F., Groenwold, R. H. H., van Delden, J. J. M., van der Does, Y., Klungel, O. H., Roes, K. C. B., Hoes, A. W., & van der Graaf, R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.12.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ibrahim, F., Tom, B. D. M., Scott, D. L., & Prevost, A. T. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1402-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hjorth, M., Holmberg, E. C., Rödjer, S., Taube, A., & Westin, J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(96)00022-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lösch, C., & Neuhäuser, M. (2008) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-16 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Site-specific predictors of successful recruitment to a perinatal clinical trial
Levett, K. M., Roberts, C. L., Simpson, J. M., & Morris, J. M. (2014) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774514543539 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dickson, S., Logan, J., Hagen, S., Stark, D., Glazener, C. M. A., McDonald, A. M., & McPherson, G. C. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-389 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Large Clinical Trials in Musculoskeletal Trauma
Csimma, C., & Swiontkowski, M. F. (2005) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.d.01938 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Patient participation in cancer clinical trials: A pilot test of lay navigation
Cartmell, K. B., Bonilha, H. S., Matson, T., Bryant, D. C., Zapka, J. G., Bentz, T. A., Ford, M. E., Halbert, C. H., Simpson, K. N., & Alberg, A. J. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2016.04.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Computational Intelligence
Fogel, D. B., Liu, D., & Keller, J. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119214403 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationPatient-reported tolerability of adverse events in phase 1 trials
Henon, C., Lissa, D., Paolettí, X., et al. (2017) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2016-000148 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
van den Bor, R. M., Grobbee, D. E., Oosterman, B. J., et al. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2017.07.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mehta, A. M., Awah, C. U., & Sonabend, A. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00459 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Improving Patient Satisfaction in the Orthopaedic Trauma Population
Morris, B. J., Richards, J. E., Archer, K. R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma · doi:10.1097/01.bot.0000435604.75873.ba · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Life Cycle and Management of Protocol Deviations
Mehra, M., Kurpanek, K., Petrizzo, M., et al. (2014) · Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science · doi:10.1177/2168479014530119 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jalgaonkar, S. V., Bhide, S. S., Tripathi, R. K., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146334 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Surrogate outcome markers in research and clinical practice
Twaddell, S. H. (2009) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2009.023 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stergiopoulos, S., Calvert, S. B., Brown, C. A., Awatin, J., Tenaerts, P., Holland, T. L., DiMasi, J. A., & Getz, K. A. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix726 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Web page summarization for handheld devices: a natural language approach
Alam, H., Hartono, R., Kumar, A., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition · doi:10.1109/icdar.2003.1227838 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Clinical Trials: Who Are They?
Hill, N. S., Preston, I. R., & Roberts, K. E. (2008) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200803-032sk · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hughes, J. G., Greville-Harris, M., Graham, C. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2016-103964 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Phase 4 research: what happens when the rubber meets the road?
Crowther, M. A. (2013) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.15 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Choosing inclusion criteria that minimize the time and cost of clinical trials
Babbs, C. F. (2014) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v4.i2.109 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Filling the waiting time in the clinic with education about glaucoma
Oermann, M. H. (2001) · Insight - the Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses · doi:10.1067/min.2001.118673 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hörster, L., Schlenk, R. F., Stadler, M., et al. (2017) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2017.09.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Vioxx recall case and comments
Tong, C. H., Tong, L., & Tong, J. E. (2009) · Competitiveness Review An International Business Journal incorporating Journal of Global Competitiveness · doi:10.1108/10595420910942289 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Luo, H., Xu, Y., Yue, F., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.025 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
0398 ARE CLINICAL TRIAL PARTICIPANTS REPRESENTATIVE FOR PATIENTS WITH INSOMNIA?
Verster, J. C., van de Loo, A., Roehrs, T., et al. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.397 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Payment to Healthcare Professionals for Patient Recruitment to Trials: A Systematic Review
THIERS, B. H. (2006) · Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0093-3619(08)70166-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [60]Institute of Medicine Committee on Cancer Clinical Trials 2010 National Academic Press Washington D.C
- [61]Institute of Medicine Public Engagement and Clinical Trials: New Models and Disruptive Technologies. Work Shop Summary 2012 The National Academies Press Washington, DC 22514814
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development
Paul, D., Sanap, G., Shenoy, S., Kalyane, D., Kalia, K., & Tekade, R. K. (2021) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.010 · Cited by 1,695 · see citing works
Human organs-on-chips for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine
Ingber, D. E. (2022) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00466-9 · Cited by 1,589 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence to deep learning: machine intelligence approach for drug discovery
Gupta, R., Srivastava, D., Sahu, M., Tiwari, S., Ambasta, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2021) · Molecular Diversity · doi:10.1007/s11030-021-10217-3 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence for clinical trial design
Harrer, S., Shah, P., Antony, B., & Hu, J. (2019) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2019.05.005 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Pratap, A., Neto, E. C., Snyder, P., Stepnowsky, C., Elhadad, N., Grant, D., Mohebbi, M. H., Mooney, S., Suver, C., Wilbanks, J., et al. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0224-8 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Inan, O. T., Tenaerts, P., Prindiville, S. A., Reynolds, H. R., Dizon, D. S., Cooper-Arnold, K., Turakhia, M., Pletcher, M. J., Preston, K. L., Krumholz, H. M., et al. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0302-y · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Predicting antibody developability profiles through early stage discovery screening
Bailly, M., Mieczkowski, C., Juan, V., Metwally, E., Tomazela, D., Baker, J., Uchida, M., Kofman, E., Raoufi, F., Motlagh, S., et al. (2020) · mAbs · doi:10.1080/19420862.2020.1743053 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Rapid development and deployment of high‐volume vaccines for pandemic response
Kis, Z., Kontoravdi, C., Dey, A. K., Shattock, R., & Shah, N. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Manufacturing and Processing · doi:10.1002/amp2.10060 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Hurkacz, M., Dobrek, L., & Wiela-Hojeńska, A. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26247456 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Success stories of AI in drug discovery - where do things stand?
Mak, K.-K., Balijepalli, M. K., & Pichika, M. R. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2022.1985108 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Farrer, L. M., Rieger, E., Moessner, M., Bauer, S., & Griffiths, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00520-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Population-based high-throughput toxicity screen of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and neurons
Huang, C. Y., Nicholson, M. W., Wang, J. Y., Ting, C. Y., Tsai, M. H., Cheng, Y. C., Liu, C. L., Chan, D. Z. H., Lee, Y. C., Hsu, C. C., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110643 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bolinski, F., Kleiboer, A., Neijenhuijs, K., Karyotaki, E., Wiers, R., de Koning, L., Jacobi, C., Zarski, A.-C., Weisel, K. K., Cuijpers, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/40892 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hawke, L. J., Nelson, E., O'Brien, P., Crossley, K. M., Choong, P. F., Bunzli, S., & Dowsey, M. M. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101283 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Saady, M., Eissa, M., Yacoub, A. S., Hamed, A. B., & Azzazy, H. M. E.-S. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2025.103066 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lepage, S., Whelan, B., Flight, L., Totton, N., & Devane, D. (2025) · Research Involvement and Engagement · doi:10.1186/s40900-025-00749-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fogel, D. B.
- Corresponding author
- Fogel, David B.
- Venue
- Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 156-164
- ISSN
- 2451-8654 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6092479
- OpenAlex
- W2885447570
- Cited by
- 1,035
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Keywords
- clinical trial failure, study coordinators, patient burden, artificial intelligence in clinical trials
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
