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Culture and emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
While anthropological research has long emphasized cultural differences in whether emotions are viewed as beneficial versus harmful, psychological science has only recently begun to systematically examine those differences and their implications for emotion regulation and well-being. Underscoring the pervasive role of culture in people's emotions, we summarize research that has examined links between culture, emotion regulation, and well-being. Specifically, we focus on two questions. First, how does culture lead individuals to regulate their emotions? And second, how does culture modulate the link between emotion regulation and well-being? We finish by suggesting directions for future research to advance the study of culture and emotion regulation.
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“In Chinese culture, the suppression of emotions may be regarded as an adaptive behavior that reduces conflict and promotes social harmony [27, 47, 48].”
From Psychometric properties of the chinese version of multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire-30 (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
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“Existing theories suggest that culture may shape affect valuation (Tsai et al., 2006), the appraisal of emotional elicitors and subsequent emotional experiences and expressions (Levenson et al., 2007), emotion categorization (Lindquist et al., 2022), and ER (Ford & Mauss, 2015).”
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“Although in its nascent stages, research has demonstrated that culture and language shapes how people use emotion regulation strategies and, if used, the degree to which they are adaptive (Ford & Mauss, 2015).”
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Emergence of Emotion Selectivity in Deep Neural Networks Trained to Recognize Visual Objects
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“They suggest that individuals of interdependent cultures can benefit more from the use of reappraisal, perhaps because the adjustment of emotions to the social environment is important in the cultural context (Ford and Mauss 2015).”
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“…2014); specific display rules are favoured over others (Matsumoto & Juang, 2013); particular emotion regulation strategies are expected and rewarded (Ford & Mauss, 2015); and specific appraisal patterns are applied to particular situations and elicit specific emotions (Boiger, Uchida,…”
BackgroundThe effect of emotion regulation on driving anger of motorbike drivers in Jakarta
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InfluentialWhat we can learn about emotion by talking with the HadzaPreprint
Hoemann, K., Gendron, M., Crittenden, A. N., Mangola, S. M., Dussault, È., Endeko, E. S., Barrett, L. F., & Mesquita, B. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sm2cp · Cited by 3
Contours of Positive Mental Health: An Exploratory Delphi Study from India
Chowdhury, D., Raguram, A., & Mehrotra, S. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9070066 · Cited by 2
The impact of pandemic threats on intertemporal choices in Chinese and Americans
Han, X., Wang, Y., & Mu, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76701-6 · Cited by 2
“Individualistic cultures prefer emotional expression to regulate emotions while collectivistic cultures focus more on expressive suppression (for a review 61 ).”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire
Ma, X., Wang, S., Cui, M., Dai, H., & Hu, J. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104931 · Cited by 2
Li, J. H., Qiu, L. S., Wong, J., Lau, W., Bryant, R. A., Lies, J., Liddell, B. J., & Jobson, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100924 · Cited by 2
Kim, M. Y. (2025) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci14060337 · Cited by 2
Chia, J. L., Lua, V. Y. Q., & Hartanto, A. (2025) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2025.2542234 · Cited by 3
“For instance, cultural differences in emotional regulation (e.g. Ford & Mauss, 2015), the pursuit of meaning (e.g. Oishi et al., 2019) and the perception of aging (e.g. Tsai et al., 2018) may influence the general pattern of associations observed in this study.”
Ungureanu, F. A., Parnes, M. F., Superka, J. E., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Figueroa-Restrepo, C., Maya, M., Romero, S. A., Jiwani, Z., Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2025) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2025.100233 · Cited by 2
Yang, C.-Y., & Shen, A. C. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01074-5 · Cited by 4
From attachment anxiety to short video addiction: the roles of attentional control and alexithymia
Su, H., Luo, D., Wang, H., Xiaodong, L., & He, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1764536 · Cited by 2
“Specifically, culturally influenced habits of managing internal distress through less direct emotional expression may contribute to reliance on external strategies, such as immersive digital media, for momentary emotional relief (Cho et al., 2025; Ford and Mauss, 2015; Ip et al., 2021).”
Towards mechanism-focused and scalable resilience interventions
Schäfer, S. K., Stoffers‐Winterling, J., & Lieb, K. (2026) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-026-00573-y · Cited by 3
“Cultural influences shape emotion-regulation strategies 197,198 and coping behaviour 199 .”
Kaçan, B., Chasson, M., & Ben‐Ari, O. T. –. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2260831 · Cited by 2
“…culturally based differences in emotion regulation, which indicates that conservative and collectivist cultures, such as Arab society in Israel (Feinstein & Shehade Switat, 2019), tend to encourage a restrained emotional response to stress and difficulties (Butler et al., 2007; Ford & Mauss, 2015).”
Xie, J., Tian, Y., Hu, J. J., Yin, M.-Z., Sun, Y.-D., Shan, Y., Chen, K., Feng, G., & Qiu, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1224911 · Cited by 4
“…to appreciate low-arousal positive emotions (Tsai et al., 2006), and they are likely to regulate their emotions by suppressing them (Matsumoto et al., 2008; Ford and Mauss, 2015). de Greck et al. (2012) found that the hemodynamic responses of MI negatively correlated with interdependence scores.”
BackgroundThe structure of emotion regulation strategies among Korean adults
Kim, H., Han, H., & Kim, H. S. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112752 · Cited by 2
Face masks facilitate discrimination of genuine and fake smiles – But people believe the opposite
Zhou, H., Wang, M., Yu, Y., & Majka, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104658 · Cited by 2
Green, A. E., DiMaggio-Potter, M. E., Butts, J., Carosella, K. A., Reigstad, K. M., Eberly, L. E., Cullen, K. R., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01236-3 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, it should be noted that emotion regulation functions differently in different cultures, i.e., in some cultures, suppression of emotions is encouraged more often (Ford & Mauss, 2015; Saw & Okazaki, 2010).”
Huang, L., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107901 · Cited by 3
Scheuer, H., Kuklinski, M. R., Mariscal, M. A., Haggerty, K. P., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., Zatzick, D., & Moore, M. (2024) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-024-00963-w · Cited by 2
“…are likely to be more acceptable and effective if they incorporate culturally and contextually centered healing practices, including but not limited to Indigenous methods of healing and communal strategies like singing and prayer (Dempsey et al., 2016; Ford & Mauss, 2015; Zilberstein, 2022).”
Felisberti, F. M. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021817742080 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, such ability is susceptible to a long learning process (Ford & Mauss, 2015) and the dramatic changes in brain areas involved in emotion processing that occurs during childhood and adolescence can be significantly affected by adverse family-related events (Dahl, 2004) and leave their mark…”
BackgroundStein, J., & Ohler, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Digital Humanities · doi:10.3389/fdigh.2018.00018 · Cited by 2
“As a result, emotional display rules yield the power to make people feel accepted (or disregarded) by their cultural ingroup, contributing profoundly to an individual’s psychological well-being (Ford and Mauss, 2015).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ford, B. Q., & Mauss, I. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ford, Brett Q
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 1-5
- ISSN
- 2352-250X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4341898
- OpenAlex
- W2167708481
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 2.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health Affective Science Training Fellowship (5T32MH020006)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- culture, emotion regulation, well-being, cultural differences in emotion, cross-cultural psychology
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