Cited by 340Cultural Differences and ValuesEmotions and Moral BehaviorPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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Culture and emotion regulation

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Ford, Brett Q, Mauss, Iris B·2015·Current Opinion in Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.004PMC PMC4341898

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Abstract

While anthropological research has long emphasized cultural differences in whether emotions are viewed as beneficial versus harmful, psychological science has only recently begun to systematically examine those differences and their implications for emotion regulation and well-being. Underscoring the pervasive role of culture in people's emotions, we summarize research that has examined links between culture, emotion regulation, and well-being. Specifically, we focus on two questions. First, how does culture lead individuals to regulate their emotions? And second, how does culture modulate the link between emotion regulation and well-being? We finish by suggesting directions for future research to advance the study of culture and emotion regulation.

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“Although little research has examined cul-ture’s role in beliefs about emotion controllability, prior work examining culture’s role in emotion regulation strongly suggests that culture may influence control beliefs (see Ford & Mauss, 2015, for a review).”
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“…of the eliciting situation, and individual characteristics, and analyzing the interactions among such facets (see Aldao, Sheppes, & Gross, 2015; Aldao & Tull, 2015; Ford & Mauss, 2015; Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers, & Robinson, 2007; Raver, 2004; Zeman, Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Stegall, 2006).”
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“in the regulation of strong negative or distressing states (Butler et al., 2007; Ford and Mauss, 2015; Matsumoto et al., 2008; Mesquita and Albert, 2007).”
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“Moreover, a majority of research has been conducted in Western and predominantly white samples, and findings might differ across cultures 233,249 .”
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“This suggests that there are some in the EA group where intrapersonal strategies are beneficial to coping with exposure to negative emotional cues, particularly if those strategies are consistent with their individualistic self-construal (De Leersnyder et al., 2014; Ford and Mauss, 2015).”
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“This cultural and social background probably influences the use of emotion regulation strategies (Ford and Mauss, 2015).”
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“…suggesting cultural differences in ED indicating Asian people experience greater difficulties in ED, frequent use of suppression and rumination (Ford & Mauss, 2015; Su et al., 2015) and that clinical samples employ dysfunctional ED strategies (e.g., rumination, suppression) more frequently…”
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“In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we focus on the comparison between East-Asian and Western individuals because it has dominated the literature on emotion regulation, cross-culturally (Ford & Mauss, 2015; Hampton & Varnum, 2018).”
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“In the literature, cultural differences in suppression are frequently explained by different self-construals, but studies empirically assessing self-construal are scarce (see Ford & Mauss, 2015).”
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“Our finding of a positive association between HI and suppression was somewhat unexpected as it is contrary to past research suggested that higher independence tend to be associated with lower use of suppression strategies (Ford & Mauss, 2015 ).”
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“Given crosscultural (Ford & Mauss, 2015) and age-related (Eldesouky & English, 2018) differences in emotion regulation, our results may not generalise beyond American young adults.”
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Background
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“Research has shown that there are cultural differences in emotion regulation strategies for instance, individuals from Asian backgrounds are more likely to use suppression compared to individuals with a European background (Ford and Mauss, 2015).”
Background
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Influential
An examination of the mediating role of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in the complex relationship between interpersonal needs and suicidal behavior
Ranjbar, H. A., Bakhshesh-Boroujeni, M., Niri, S. F., Hekmati, I., Habibi, M., & Eskin, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1301695 · Cited by 23
Chinese validation of the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) in college students
Cao, H., Mak, Y. W., Li, H. Y., & Leung, D. Y. P. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.01.004 · Cited by 20
The Mentalized Affectivity Scale (MAS): Development and validation of the Italian version
Rinaldi, T., Castelli, I., Greco, A., Greenberg, D. M., Jurist, E. L., Valle, A., & Marchetti, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249272 · Cited by 20
“Regarding emotion regulation, Ford and Mauss [10] consider the classic distinction between cultures promoting interdependence (Eastern cultures) and cultures promoting independence (Western cultures) and highlight that cultures play an important role in determining the motivation of individuals’ emotion regulation and…”
Background
Associations Between Emotion Regulation and Life Satisfaction Among University Students From Germany, Hong Kong, and Japan: The Mediating Role of Social Support
Schunk, F., Trommsdorff, G., Wong, N., & Nakao, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745888 · Cited by 26
“The usage of specific ER strategies and their associations with life satisfaction has been found to differ across cultures (see Ford and Mauss, 2015, for a review).”
Background
Associations of Face-to-Face and Instant Messaging Family Communication and Their Contents With Family Wellbeing and Personal Happiness Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gong, W. J., Sit, S. M.-M., Wong, B. Y.-M., Wu, S. Y. D., Lai, A. Y. K., Ho, S. Y., Wang, M. P., & Lam, T. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780714 · Cited by 22
“While open and direct expression of affection, both verbal and non-verbal, are encouraged in Western families (53), such as saying “I love you”, this is not common in Chinese households, where strong emotions are typically held back, stemming from a historical emphasis on the regulation of social behaviors and express…”
Background
Using emotion regulation to cope with challenges: a study of Chinese students in the United Kingdom
Cheng, M., Friesen, A. P., & Adekola, O. A. (2018) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2018.1472744 · Cited by 20
Perceived discrimination, emotion dysregulation and loss of control eating in young men
Kelly, N. R., Cotter, E. W., Guidinger, C., & Williamson, G. (2020) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101387 · Cited by 21
Social Interaction
Tronick, E., Barbosa, M., Fuertes, M., & Beeghly, M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23629-8 · Cited by 20
Applying the S-ART Framework to Yoga: Exploring the Self-Regulatory Action of Yoga Practice in Two Culturally Diverse Samples
Roche, L. T., & Menon, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.585300 · Cited by 19
Multimodal Assessment of the Motor System in Patients With Chronic Ischemic Stroke
Nazarova, M. A., Kulikova, S. P., Пирадов, М. А., Limonova, A. S., Добрынина, Л. А., Коновалов, Р. Н., Novikov, P. A., Sehm, B., Villringer, A., Saltykova, A., et al. (2020) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.119.028832 · Cited by 19
Emotion Regulation Strategies and Stress in Irish College Students and Chinese International College Students in Ireland
Sun, Y., & Nolan, C. (2021) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v11i4.2516 · Cited by 20
If it Ain't Broke, Don't Fix it: Positive Versus Negative Emotion Regulation in Daily Life and Depressive Symptoms
Mueller, I., Pruessner, L., Holt, D. V., Zimmermann, V., Schulze, K., Strakosch, A.-M., & Barnow, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.037 · Cited by 20
Validity and reliability of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form in Indonesian non-clinical population
Danasasmita, F. S., Pandia, V., Fitriana, E., Afriandi, I., Purba, F. D., Ichsan, A., Pradana, K., Santoso, A. H. S., Mardhiyah, F. S., & Engellia, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1380354 · Cited by 18
“For example, the concept of understanding emotion in Indonesia could be different from American or other Western cultures (57).”
The longitudinal impact of cultural values on adaptation among ethnic minority students in mainland China: The mediating role of emotion regulation
Zhao, B., & Hu, P. (2024) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102014 · Cited by 18
A Proposed Model to Explain Happiness in College Students: The Roles of Perceived Parenting Styles, Emotional Self-Efficacy, and Forgiveness
Asıcı, E., & Sarı, H. İ. (2021) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-021-09378-0 · Cited by 27
Association among self-compassion, childhood invalidation, and borderline personality disorder symptomatology in a Singaporean sample
Keng, S.-L., & Wong, Y. Y. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0075-3 · Cited by 23
“Further, the fact that Asian cultures tend to emphasize interdependence, emotion control, and hierarchy [15, 16] might imply a high level of invalidation experienced at the individual and/or collective level.”
Background
Association between personality traits and symptoms of depression and anxiety via emotional regulation and distress tolerance
Aguirre, P., Michelini, Y., Bravo, A. J., Pautassi, R. M., & Pilatti, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306146 · Cited by 29
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – adult version (BRIEF-A) in Iranian University students: Factor structure and relationship to depressive symptom severity
Mohammadnia, S., Bigdeli, I., Mashhadi, A., Chamanabad, A. G., & Roth, R. M. (2020) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2020.1810689 · Cited by 19
“That cultural factors may have played a role in our findings is supported by prior research indicating cross-cultural differences in emotional and behavioral regulation (Ford & Mauss, 2015; Tran et al., 2019).”
Result
Investigating the associations between cognitive appraisals, emotion regulation and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among Asian American and European American trauma survivors
Jobson, L., Willoughby, C., Specker, P., Wong, J., Draganidis, A., Lau, W., & Liddell, B. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22995-3 · Cited by 19
Cross-cultural validation and measurement invariance of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ): a study in Iran and the USA
Mazidi, M., Azizi, A., Becerra, R., Gross, J. J., Zarei, M., Mirshafiei, M., & Preece, D. A. (2023) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2023.2217325 · Cited by 18
“This might reflect cultural differences in the utility or appropriateness of certain emotion regulation strategies (e.g., Ford & Mauss, 2015; Matsumoto et al., 2008; Ramzan & Amjad, 2017) and could be an important focus of future work.”
Background
The role of emotion beliefs in depression, anxiety, and stress
Johnston, T. E., Petrova, K., Mehta, A., Gross, J. J., McEvoy, P. M., & Preece, D. A. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2023.2290734 · Cited by 17
“Culture can exert a pervasive influence over perceptions towards emotions and motivation to regulate emotions (Ford & Mauss, 2015).”
Background
Cultural Influences on Emotion: Established Patterns and Emerging Trends
Tsai, J. L., & Clobert, M. (2016) · HAL · Cited by 16
Religious coping and young adult’s mental well-being during Covid-19: Testing a double moderated mediation model
Fatima, S., Arshad, M., & Mushtaq, M. (2022) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1177/00846724221121685 · Cited by 33
“…recognition that emotion regulation is culturally sensitive and that frequent use of positive reappraisal is at the core of mental well-being (Ford & Mauss, 2015), highlights the need for more in-depth assessment of gender differences in relating positive reappraisal and self-blaming to…”
Background
Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of personalized psychological flexibility index (C-PPFI) in college students
Fang, S., Huang, M., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.03.008 · Cited by 15
Self-construal differences in neural responses to negative social cues
Liddell, B. J., Felmingham, K. L., Das, P., Whitford, T. J., Malhi, G. S., Battaglini, E., & Bryant, R. A. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.023 · Cited by 15
“…traditional notion that emotion is governed by universal neural and psychological processes: rather, these models suggest that cultural factors play a significant role in the emotional lives of individuals (Engelmann and Pogosyan, 2013; Ford and Mauss, 2015; Mesquita, 2001; Rogers et al., 2014).”
Background
Argentinean Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)
del Valle, M. V., Andrés, M. L., Urquijo, S., Zamora, E. V., Mehta, A., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211021343 · Cited by 21
“Furthermore, culture has been shown to guide and orient the regulation of emotion (Ford & Mauss, 2015) and moderate its relationship to well-being (e.g., Butler et al., 2007; Su et al., 2015).”
Background
Using machine learning to identify early predictors of adolescent emotion regulation development
Lissa, C. J. V., Beinhauer, L. J., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2023) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12845 · Cited by 17
Paixão e satisfação atlética em atletas brasileiras de basquetebol universitário
Xavier, C. C., Melo, S. V. A., Freitas, A. F. L., Contreira, A. R., & Vieira, L. F. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i7.4282 · Cited by 14
The Role of Emotion Regulation in Pain Management Among Women From Labor to Three Months Postpartum: An Integrative Review
Srisopa, P., Cong, X. S., Russell, B. S., & Lucas, R. (2021) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2021.05.011 · Cited by 18
On (Im)Patience: A New Approach to an Old Virtue
Sweeny, K. M. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683241263874 · Cited by 14
Efficacious EFL Teachers’ Goals and Strategies for Emotion Management: The Role of Culture in Focus
Chahkandi, F., Rasekh, A. E., & Tavakoli, M. (2016) · Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.18869/acadpub.ijal.19.1.35 · Cited by 19
Adaptation and psychometric validation of Hindi version of the Behavioural Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Bhat, N. A., Devdutt, J., Johnson, J. A., & Roopesh, B. N. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102730 · Cited by 14
Music listening as a coping resource in domestic and international university students
Vidas, D., Nelson, N. L., & Dingle, G. A. (2022) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356211066964 · Cited by 14
“Importantly, outside of the domain of music listening, emotion regulation strategies differ between cultures (Ford & Mauss, 2015), such that those with interdependent cultural values are more motivated to regulate emotions using suppression, whereas this is not the case in more independent cultures.”
Background
Drinking Motives as Mediators of the Relationship of Cultural Orientation with Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences in College Students from Seven Countries
Pilatti, A., Klein, N. D., Mezquita, L., Bravo, A. J., Keough, M. T., Pautassi, R. M., & Cross-Cultural Addictions Study Team (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00789-y · Cited by 13
“…align with a growing set of studies challenging the widespread description of countries as purely individualist or collectivist, but instead suggest that cultural orientation should be better described as individual instead of societal attitudes (e.g., Ford & Mauss, 2015; Triandis & Gelfand, 1998).”
Background
Psychotic experiences, emotion regulation, and suicidal ideation among Chilean adolescents in the general population
Wastler, H. M., & Núñez, D. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.983250 · Cited by 13
“These inconsistent findings might be attributable to differences in emotion regulation among adolescents versus adults (65, 66) and/or across cultures (46).”
Background
Gene by Culture Effects on Emotional Processing of Social Cues among East Asians and European Americans
Javanbakht, A., Tompson, S., Kitayama, S., King, A. P. J., Yoon, C., & Liberzon, I. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8070062 · Cited by 13
Cultural and emotional determinants of cervical cancer screening among older Hispanic women
Cadet, T. J., Burke, S. L., Stewart, K., Howard, T., & Schonberg, M. A. (2017) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2017.1364740 · Cited by 13
“It is possible that the intrapersonal determinants that we measured using culture overly influenced the intrapersonal determinants of emotion and demographics or this population (De Leersnyder, Boiger, & Mesquita, 2013; Ford & Mauss, 2015).”
Background
Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) in Chinese samples
Fang, S., Huang, M., & Ding, D. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05255-z · Cited by 12
“In Chinese culture, suppressing emotions is considered a virtue of self-control (Ford & Mauss, 2015, Zhang et al., 2021).”
Using Reappraisal to Improve Outcomes for STEM Teachers and Students
Cohen, L. D., Gross, J. J., & Rubinsten, O. (2023) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.313 · Cited by 16
Authentic leadership and employee health: a conditional process model
Hildenbrand, K., Daher, P., & Akaighe, G. O. (2021) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-07-2020-0362 · Cited by 12

Authors: Ford, B. Q., & Mauss, I. B.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Ford, Brett Q
ORCID: Ford, Brett Q
Mauss, Iris B
Venue: Current Opinion in Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-06
Volume: 3
Pages: 1-5
ISSN: 2352-250X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.004
PMC: PMC4341898
OpenAlex: W2167708481
Cited by: 340
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 2.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Current Opinion in Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health Affective Science Training Fellowship (5T32MH020006)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: culture, emotion regulation, well-being, cultural differences in emotion, cross-cultural psychology

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