Culture and emotion regulation

“com which a culture promotes interdependence (where individuals define themselves more based on relationships and prioritize harmony with others) versus independence (where individuals define themselves more based on unique attributes and prioritize distinguishing themselves from others) [7].”

“Suppression has been associated with worse psychological health [12,21,22], physical health [23], and social functioning [16,24].”

“Suppression has been associated with worse psychological health [12,21,22], physical health [23], and social functioning [16,24].”

“, hierarchy [14 ], tradition [44]) and forms of culture [45] (e.”

“How does culture transmit values that shape emotion regulation and its outcomes? What are these values? Similarly, what are the origins of these cultural differences? One recent study suggests, for example, that China’s regional differences in agriculture (the requirements of rice versus wheat farming, specifically) h…”

“differences in how emotions are viewed, often focusing on the fundamental distinction of seeing emotions as beneficial versus harmful [1–3].”

“, social support [41], attentional focus [42], automatic emotion regulation [43]).”

“Suppression has been associated with worse psychological health [12,21,22], physical health [23], and social functioning [16,24].”

“Unlike suppression, the frequency of using reappraisal largely does not differ across cultures [12,14 ,15,16 ,17 ,26].”

“, socioeconomic status [46], region [47]).”

“Supporting this basic idea, Asian Americans reported using emotion regulation more frequently [10] and reported a stronger preference for emotion regulation (e.”

“, social support [41], attentional focus [42], automatic emotion regulation [43]).”

“Theoretically, because emotions are powerful internal experiences that can both assert someone’s individuality and potentially disrupt social harmony [8] (e.”

“, socioeconomic status [46], region [47]).”

“, hierarchy [14 ], tradition [44]) and forms of culture [45] (e.”

“In even stronger support of the notion that suppression is less harmful in interdependent cultural contexts, research has shown that suppression is linked to worse functioning for individuals from independent cultural backgrounds but is unrelated to psychological and social functioning for individuals from interdepend…”

“Suppression has been associated with worse psychological health [12,21,22], physical health [23], and social functioning [16,24].”

“Suppression has been associated with worse psychological health [12,21,22], physical health [23], and social functioning [16,24].”

“Current Opinion in Psychology 2015, 3:1–5 individuals (but not European Americans) associate suppression with interpersonal harmony [19].”

“For example, independent (versus interdependent) cultures more strongly value positive emotions (especially high-arousal positive emotions like excitement [34]) [35–37] and more highly devalue negative emotions [37,38,39 ].”

“For example, when instructed to suppress their emotions in response to negative images, European Americans exhibited a pronounced parietal late positive potential event-related potential signal — an index of heightened emotional processing — but an Asian sample exhibited a significant reduction in this signal and the…”

“, Hong Kong Chinese, Japanese, and Asian Americans) are more likely to report using suppression than individuals from European backgrounds [12–15,16 ].”

“Several studies have shown that while suppression is linked with worse well-being for individuals from independent cultural backgrounds, this negative effect is significantly weaker for individuals from interdependent cultural backgrounds [9,25,26].”

“For example, independent (versus interdependent) cultures more strongly value positive emotions (especially high-arousal positive emotions like excitement [34]) [35–37] and more highly devalue negative emotions [37,38,39 ].”

“For example, independent (versus interdependent) cultures more strongly value positive emotions (especially high-arousal positive emotions like excitement [34]) [35–37] and more highly devalue negative emotions [37,38,39 ].”

“Of note, some studies found that suppression is equally harmful for individuals from both interdependent and independent cultures [16,33].”

“For example, independent (versus interdependent) cultures more strongly value positive emotions (especially high-arousal positive emotions like excitement [34]) [35–37] and more highly devalue negative emotions [37,38,39 ].”

“During a negative emotion induction, a stronger preference to regulate emotions led to a more adaptive pattern of physiological responding in Asian-American cultural contexts, while a stronger preference to regulate emotions led to a maladaptive pattern of physiological responding in European-American cultural context…”

“For example, independent (versus interdependent) cultures more strongly value positive emotions (especially high-arousal positive emotions like excitement [34]) [35–37] and more highly devalue negative emotions [37,38,39 ].”

“Suggesting that these preferences may translate to actual emotion regulation, Asian Americans experienced and facially expressed less anger than European Americans in a standardized laboratory anger provocation, and this effect of cultural group was mediated by Asian-Americans’ stronger preferences for emotion regulat…”

“In even stronger support of the notion that suppression is less harmful in interdependent cultural contexts, research has shown that suppression is linked to worse functioning for individuals from independent cultural backgrounds but is unrelated to psychological and social functioning for individuals from interdepend…”

“, social support [41], attentional focus [42], automatic emotion regulation [43]).”

“In even stronger support of the notion that suppression is less harmful in interdependent cultural contexts, research has shown that suppression is linked to worse functioning for individuals from independent cultural backgrounds but is unrelated to psychological and social functioning for individuals from interdepend…”

“On the other hand, European Americans (but not Chinese individuals) associate suppression with experiential avoidance [20].”

“Furthermore, Chinese-American children who used suppression in response to peer-induced stressors had better mood, but only when they were more oriented toward Chinese (versus American) culture [32].”

“Although little research has examined cul-ture’s role in beliefs about emotion controllability, prior work examining culture’s role in emotion regulation strongly suggests that culture may influence control beliefs (see Ford & Mauss, 2015, for a review).”

“Since emotion regulation has culturally diverse aspects (Ford & Mauss, 2015), we can therefore only draw substantial conclusions for Western populations.”

“…of the eliciting situation, and individual characteristics, and analyzing the interactions among such facets (see Aldao, Sheppes, & Gross, 2015; Aldao & Tull, 2015; Ford & Mauss, 2015; Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers, & Robinson, 2007; Raver, 2004; Zeman, Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Stegall, 2006).”

“Of particular interest is the dimension of individualismecollectivism (Hofstede, 1980, 2001; Triandis, 1995; see also Ford & Mauss, 2015).3 Western culture forges an individualistic self.”

“in the regulation of strong negative or distressing states (Butler et al., 2007; Ford and Mauss, 2015; Matsumoto et al., 2008; Mesquita and Albert, 2007).”