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Adult attachment, stress, and romantic relationships
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we discuss theory and research on how individuals who have insecure adult romantic attachment orientations typically think, feel, and behave when they or their romantic partners encounter certain types of chronic or acute stress. We first review basic principles of attachment theory and then discuss how two forms of attachment insecurity-anxiety and avoidance-are associated with unique patterns of emotion regulation in response to certain types of threatening/distressing situations. We then discuss a diathesis-stress process model that has guided our research, highlighting studies that provide support for certain pathways of the model.
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“Secure attachment is linked to higher trust and responsibility (Simpson & Rholes, 2017), better intimacy (Pielage, Luteijn, & Arrindell, 2005), elevated selfconfidence, better communication skills (Guerrero, 1996), and a higher tendency for selfdisclosure (Sampthirao, 2016).”
From THE ROLE OF INTIMACY, BELONGING, SELF-ESTEEM INTHE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANXIOUS, AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT AND FORGIVENESS AMONG MARRIED IRANIAN WOMEN (2021) · cites this paper as Simpson & Rholes, 2017
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“Rumination is associated with negative emotional experiences in relationships [19], challenges resolving conflict [22], and increased rates of emotional distress and psychopathology [21].”
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“…derived from Attachment Theory, which was first proposed by Bowlby (1958) to explain the emotional bond in a caregiver-child relationship and has since been extended to the study and understanding of romantic relationships (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Fraley and Shaver, 2000; Simpson and Rholes, 2017).”
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“…would significantly predict and be positively correlated with RC, because typically, anxiously attached individuals are highly focused on their relationships for fear that they may lose them and can be highly attuned to signs that their partner may be leaving them (Simpson & Steven Rholes, 2017).”
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“…the role of couple relationship satisfaction, it is also important to consider individual differences in romantic attachment orientations, as they are likely to be activated during the transition to parenthood and influence couple relationship satisfaction (J. A. Simpson & Rholes, 2017, 2018).”
InfluentialRomantic Adult Attachment Among Couples and the Experience of Prenatal Stress: A Systematic Review
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“Securely attached individuals are more likely to recognize and manage distress by seeking closeness from their partners (Simpson & Rholes, 2017).”
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“…in individuals who score higher on insecure-avoidant attachment (Diamond et al., 2006), and is linked to insecure-avoidantly attached individuals’ tendencies to cope with stressors by suppressing negative feelings and thereby signaling independence to the outside world (Simpson & Rholes, 2017).”
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“Attachment is used to shape their attitudes, expectations, interactions, and interpretations of their interactions with romantic partners (Simpson & Rholes, 2017).”
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Revista de psicología volumen 12, número 2, julio - diciembre 2022
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How Will Couples Adapt to Stress From the COVID-19 Pandemic?
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“Adults with ambivalent-anxious attachment often fall in love but are so terrified of losing their spouses that they labor furiously to make their lovers happy and do whatever their partners ask of them (Ainsworth, 1979; Campbell & Stanton, 2019; Simpson & Rholes, 2017).”
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“…avoidance tend to be emotionally detached and withdrawn from their partner (Butzer & Campbell, 2008; Mikulincer, 1998; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003; Simpson & Rholes, 1994, 2017), whereas individuals with higher attachment anxiety tend to be hypervigilant about relationship threats and more…”
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“They view significant others as unavailable and unresponsive to their needs, which, in turn, leads them to seek distance from their partner (Simpson & Rholes, 2017).”
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“Anxiously attached adults experience stress, heightened emotions, and overdependence in their relationships [2].”
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“For example, the anxious tended to intensify their emotional expression, while the avoidant could suppress the reaction (Simpson & Steven, 2017) and were less likely to self-disclose (Sce et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRomantic Attachment and Emerging Adults’ Future Expectations: Moderation Role of Self-Regulation
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“Higher levels of avoidance can highlight feelings of discomfort with proximity and dependence and fear of intimacy, which can foster a negative view of the future (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2019; Simpson & Rholes, 2017).”
Introduction: Archaeologies of Emotion, Attachment, and Social Bonds
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“Secure attachment has consistently been found to be a vital aspect of relationship quality (Collins et al., 1990; Gleeson and Fitzgerald, 2014; Simpson and Rholes, 2017).”
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“Attachment researchers argue that the constant demand for support can be exhausting for support providers, which anxiously attached individuals may perceive as rejection (Simpson & Rholes, 2017).”
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On Parenting and Healing Diasporic Wounds
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The Healing Orientation Model Elements (HOME) Assessment
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Pattern-Breaking Strategies for Self-Nourishment
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Breaking the Silence About Unhelpful Patterns and Mental Health
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Insecure Attachment Styles Among Asian Americans
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Identifying and Challenging Sexual Scripts
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Metadata
- Authors
- Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Simpson, Jeffry A
- Rholes, W Steven
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 19-24
- ISSN
- 2352-250X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4845754
- OpenAlex
- W2336040666
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH49599)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- adult attachment, insecure attachment, romantic relationships, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, emotion regulation, stress, diathesis-stress model, chronic stress, acute stress
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Love, Models, Psychological, Object Attachment, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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