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Cited by 0Forgiveness and Related BehaviorsAttachment and Relationship DynamicsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

THE ROLE OF INTIMACY, BELONGING, SELF-ESTEEM INTHE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANXIOUS, AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT AND FORGIVENESS AMONG MARRIED IRANIAN WOMEN

Open access
Elaheh, Farahmand, MD Nor, Mariani, Abbas, Ghanbari Baghestan, Danaee, Mahmoud·2021·International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling
DOI 10.35631/ijepc.640006
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This study examined how anxious and avoidant attachment relate to forgiveness, with mediating roles for intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study tested whether intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem mediate the links between anxious/avoidant attachment and forgiveness in 435 married Iranian women. Using PLS-SEM, it found anxious and avoidant attachment related to forgiveness, with belonging and self-esteem mediating both pathways and intimacy mediating only the avoidant pathway.

Key findings

  • Anxious attachment had a direct effect on forgiveness (β = −0.08, p = .003), while avoidant attachment’s direct effect was not significant (β = 0.02, p = .237).
  • Mediation results: anxious attachment operated through belonging (β = −0.07, p = .000) and self-esteem (β = −0.05, p = .000), but not through intimacy (β = −0.02, p = .10). Avoidant attachment operated through intimacy (β = −0.14, p = .000), belonging (β = −0.12, p = .000), and self-esteem (β = −0.08, p = .000). The paper describes belonging and self-esteem as partial mediators for anxious attachment and all three as full mediators for avoidant attachment, though some table labels say partial.
  • The model explained 67% of variance in forgiveness; R² values were 21% for intimacy, 22% for belonging, and 24% for self-esteem. Predictive relevance Q² values were 0.347 for forgiveness, 0.103 for intimacy, 0.122 for belonging, and 0.146 for self-esteem.
  • Measurement checks reported loadings above 0.708, AVE above 0.5, and HTMT below 0.85; Harman’s single-factor test showed the first factor accounted for 37.706% of variance.

Methods

  • Quantitative cross-sectional survey of married women attending counseling centers in Mashhad, Iran. Multistage sampling selected 13 districts, then about 4 centers per district, then simple random sampling within centers; N = 435.
  • Measures included the ECR-R for anxious and avoidant attachment (36 items), the Trait Forgivingness Scale (10 items), an intimacy scale (17 items), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (10 items), and the Need to Belong Scale (10 items).
  • Analysis used PLS-SEM with bootstrapping to assess measurement and structural models, path coefficients, R², Q², and mediation; Harman’s single-factor test checked common method variance.

Limitations

  • The paper states the sample was all women, so generalization is limited; future work should include couples, men, separated or divorced people, and other cultures. It also notes the model does not cover all forgiveness-related factors, self-report instruments may have cooperation or accuracy problems, and measures adapted from developed countries may not fully fit Iran as a developing country.
  • Evident from the text: the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality, and the counseling-center sample may not represent all married Iranian women. The paper also contains inconsistent reporting, such as conflicting mediation labels and occasional references to marital satisfaction despite the stated forgiveness focus.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.35631/ijepc.640006

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 49 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Individuals who have less desire for belonging and intimacy show less likelihood of extending forgiveness to wrongdoers.

    “individual who have les desire for belonging and intimacy shows less likelihood of expanding forgiveness to wrongdoers (Barnes et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Barnes et al., 2010 source

      The General Discussion reports the opposite relationship: across three studies, a stronger need to belong was associated with less forgiveness. The Abstract likewise says people high in the need to belong reported forgiving less frequently than those low in that need. The paper does not establish a separate finding about desire for intimacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Secure attachment is linked to higher trust and responsibility.

    “Secure attachment is linked to higher trust and responsibility (Simpson & Rholes, 2017), better intimacy (Pielage, Luteijn, & Arrindell, 2005), elevated selfconfidence, better communication skills (Guerrero, 1996), and a higher tendency for selfdisclosure (Sampthirao, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Simpson & Rholes, 2017 source

      The Principles of Attachment Theory section describes an expectation that one can count on a partner for support, and the Conclusions describe secure individuals as perceiving partners’ intentions more benevolently; these support the trust portion of the claim. The paper describes constructive coping but does not establish that secure attachment is linked to higher responsibility. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Intimacy mediates the relationship between avoidant attachment and forgiveness among married Iranian women.

    “Also, empirical evidence was found for the mediating role of intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem on the relationship between avoidant attachment and forgiveness and also belonging and self-esteem on the relationship between anxious attachment and forgiveness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Self-esteem mediates the relationship between anxious attachment and forgiveness among married Iranian women.

    “Also, empirical evidence was found for the mediating role of intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem on the relationship between avoidant attachment and forgiveness and also belonging and self-esteem on the relationship between anxious attachment and forgiveness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Self-esteem mediates the relationship between avoidant attachment and forgiveness among married Iranian women.

    “Also, empirical evidence was found for the mediating role of intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem on the relationship between avoidant attachment and forgiveness and also belonging and self-esteem on the relationship between anxious attachment and forgiveness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 16
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both the direct and indirect effects of anxious attachment on forgiveness are statistically significant.

    “both the direct and indirect effects of anxious attachment on forgiveness have been statistically meaningful.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The R2 values for intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem are 21%, 22%, and 24%, respectively.

    “R 2 values for intimacy 21 percent, belonging 22 percent and self-esteem 24 percent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Q2 values for forgiveness (0.347), intimacy (0.103), belonging (0.122), and self-esteem (0.146) are above zero, indicating that the model has predictive relevance for these constructs.

    “The outcomes revealed that the Q2 values of forgiveness (0.347) intimacy (0.103), belonging (0.122), self-esteem (0.146) is well above the threshold (zero) requirement which indicates that the model has predictive relevance for these constructs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The fundamental features of secure attachment style are positive attitudes toward others and self-esteem.

    “The fundamental features of secure attachment style are positive attitudes toward others and self-esteem, whereas the significant characteristics of avoidant attachment style are negative views in the direction of others and lack of self-esteem, intimacy and distrusting others (Ainsworth, 1978b;Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ainsworth, 1978b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Attachment security is equivalent to the satisfaction of esteem-needs and belonging in Maslow's hierarchy.

    “More specifically, attachment security is equivalent to the satisfaction of the esteem-needs and belonging in Maslow's hierarchy (Otway & Carnelley, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Otway & Carnelley, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Secure attachment is linked to elevated self-confidence.

    “Secure attachment is linked to higher trust and responsibility (Simpson & Rholes, 2017), better intimacy (Pielage, Luteijn, & Arrindell, 2005), elevated selfconfidence, better communication skills (Guerrero, 1996), and a higher tendency for selfdisclosure (Sampthirao, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guerrero, 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Secure attachment is linked to a higher tendency for self-disclosure.

    “Secure attachment is linked to higher trust and responsibility (Simpson & Rholes, 2017), better intimacy (Pielage, Luteijn, & Arrindell, 2005), elevated selfconfidence, better communication skills (Guerrero, 1996), and a higher tendency for selfdisclosure (Sampthirao, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sampthirao, 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Attachment styles include secure attachment, anxious attachment, and avoidant attachment.

    “Attachment construct theorized as one of the numerous characteristic styles and contains a secure attachment and insecure, anxious attachment and avoidant attachment (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The feeling of attachment security substantially affects subjective well-being, influence regulation, and boosts self-esteem and positive self-perception.

    “Based on attachment research the feeling of attachment security substantially affects subjective well-being, influence regulation and boost self-esteem and positive self-perception and well-amended interpersonal cognitions and responses (Collins & Allard, 2001;Mikulincer & Florian, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Collins & Allard, 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Mikulincer & Florian, 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Individuals with high avoidant attachment desire to see people as undependable and unreliable.

    “The individual with high avoidant attachment has a desire to see people undependable and unreliable on the other hand anxious attachment individual with high levels of attachment anxiety with high attachment anxiety see themselves as the unlovely person (Bartholomew,1990;Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bartholomew,1990

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The significant characteristics of avoidant attachment style are negative views toward others and lack of self-esteem, intimacy, and distrusting others.

    “The fundamental features of secure attachment style are positive attitudes toward others and self-esteem, whereas the significant characteristics of avoidant attachment style are negative views in the direction of others and lack of self-esteem, intimacy and distrusting others (Ainsworth, 1978b;Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ainsworth, 1978b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Secure attachment is linked to better communication skills.

    “Secure attachment is linked to higher trust and responsibility (Simpson & Rholes, 2017), better intimacy (Pielage, Luteijn, & Arrindell, 2005), elevated selfconfidence, better communication skills (Guerrero, 1996), and a higher tendency for selfdisclosure (Sampthirao, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guerrero, 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Endogenous latent variables are categorized as considerable, moderate, or weak based on R2 values of 0.67, 0.33, or 0.19, respectively.

    “Typically, the endogenous latent variables are categorized as considerable, moderate or weak based on R 2 values of 0.67, 0.33 or 0.19, respectively (Chin 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chin 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Self-report instruments may have introduced bias due to participants' lack of cooperation in providing information about themselves.

    “The next limitation relevant to self-reported instruments was possible to have occurred, including participants' lack of cooperation in providing information about themselves.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Attachment and forgiveness can be predicted through intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem, and forgiveness can be improved through intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem even when an insecure attachment is present.

    “the path model indicates that attachment and forgiveness can be predicted through intimacy, belonging, self-esteem, and that forgiveness can be improved through intimacy, belonging, self-esteem even when an insecure attachment is present.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations in the path model reflect causal effects.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All HTMT values were less than 0.85, establishing discriminant validity.

    “As displayed in Table 2, all the HTMT values were less than 0.85, implying the establishment of discriminant validity based on HTMT0.85 criterion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    All indicator loadings were above 0.708, reliability estimates were within accepted ranges, and AVEs were above 0.5, establishing indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity.

    “As displayed in Table 1, all the loadings were above 0.708, reliability estimates were within the accepted ranges, and AVEs were above 0.5.This implied the establishment of indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, and convergent validity based on the latest guidelines proposed by Hair et al. (2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hair et al. (2019) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Need to Belong Scale has good internal reliability (alpha = .83).

    “The internal reliability of the NTBS was good (a = .83)(Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, & Schreindorfer, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, & Schreindorfer, 2013 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Unforgiveness is positively correlated with both avoidant attachment and anxious attachment.

    “(Hall, Fujikawa, Halcrow, Hill, & Delaney, 2009) found that unforgiveness was positively correlated with both avoidant attachment and anxious attachment, suggesting a link between forgiveness, attachment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hall, Fujikawa, Halcrow, Hill, & Delaney, 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The adapted questionnaires were based on theories and findings from developed countries.

    “All these adapted questionnaires were based on the theories and findings of developed countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    When anxious attachment to the present partner is formed due to low self-esteem, low self-esteem might consequently result in poor caregiving, influencing the partner's fulfilment with the relationship.

    “As a result, when anxious attachment to the present partner is formed due to low self-esteem, low self-esteem might consequently result in poor caregiving, influencing the partner's fulfilment with the relationship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Intimacy Scale was first translated and validated in Iran by Sanai in 2000.

    “The Intimacy scale first time was translated and validated in Iran by Sanai in 2000.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sanai in 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-esteem has a substantial positive impact on forgiveness, and people with a greater level of self-esteem are more able to forgive themselves and others.

    “Thus, self-esteem has a substantial positive impact on forgiveness people with a greater level of self-esteem are more able to forgive themselves and others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    When construct assessments are confirmed and genuinely reliable and valid, the subsequent phase focuses on measuring the structural model results.

    “When construct assessments are confirmed and genuinely reliable and valid, the subsequent phase focus on the measuring of the structural model results (Hair et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hair et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The positive influence of proximity on forgiveness has been investigated in romantic and a number of other kinds of adult relationships.

    “The positive influence of proximity on forgiveness has been investigated in romantic and a number of other kinds of adult relationships (Wazid & Shahnawaz, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wazid & Shahnawaz, 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In research with college students, anxious attachment was strongly related to belonging and self-esteem, and avoidant attachment to a lack of intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem.

    “In research with college students, it was found that anxious attachment was strongly related to belonging and self-esteem and avoidant attachment to a lack of intimacy and belonging and self-esteem (Burnette et al., 2009;Chung & Lee, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Burnette et al., 2009 source
    • cites Chung & Lee, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Mediation variables can have therapeutic value as they enable environmental interventions.

    “Previous studies have found that mediation variables can have therapeutic value as they enable environmental interventions (Baron & Kenny, 1986)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baron & Kenny, 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    When attachment-related avoidance is formed due to low self-esteem, interpersonal proximity with the current partner might be limited by low self-esteem people to defend themselves from being hurt due to rejection, which could reduce the partner's connection fulfilment.

    “Additionally, when attachment-related avoidance is formed due to low self-esteem, interpersonal proximity with the current partner might be limited by low self-esteem people to defend themselves from being hurt due to rejection (Murray & Holmes, 2008), which could reduce the partner's connection fulfilment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Murray & Holmes, 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The model does not explain all factors that contribute to forgiveness.

    “the model does not explain all factors that contribute to forgiveness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Attachment is the most reliable forecaster of forgiveness.

    “Many scholars hold the view that attachment and forgiveness are similar concepts, and attachment is the most reliable forecaster of forgiveness (Burnette et al., 2009;Chung & Lee, 2014;Langman & Chung, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Burnette et al., 2009 source
    • cites Chung & Lee, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Langman & Chung, 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Anxious attachment leads to reduced forgiveness through lack of belonging and self-esteem, and avoidant attachment leads to reduced forgiveness through lack of intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem.

    “The results revealed a path wherein anxious attachment led to reduced forgiveness through the lack of belonging and self-esteem and avoidant attachment through lack of intimacy, belonging, self-esteem.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional associations in the path model reflect causal effects.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cultural differences may cause results in Iran to differ from those hypothesized.

    “As Iran is a developing country, so due to change in their sources, infrastructure, different cultural results might not be the same as compared with hypothesizing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
32 of 32

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    There is a positive relationship between the need to belong and forgiveness.

    “With this line of consciousness, it seems reasonable to assume a positive relationship between the need to belong and forgiveness, such that people who have an intense craving for belongingness determine a higher likelihood of spreading forgiveness to offenders than those whose need to belong is less noticeable.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cross-sectional survey design can support inferences about mediation among attachment, intimacy, belonging, self-esteem, and forgiveness.

    “More precisely, it is a cross-sectional survey design study that is supported by the post-positivism worldview theories (Creswell 2012) and focuses on Iranian married women marital satisfaction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cross-sectional associations in the path model reflect causal effects.

    “The results revealed a path wherein anxious attachment led to reduced forgiveness through the lack of belonging and self-esteem and avoidant attachment through lack of intimacy, belonging, self-esteem.”
    “the path model indicates that attachment and forgiveness can be predicted through intimacy, belonging, self-esteem, and that forgiveness can be improved through intimacy, belonging, self-esteem even when an insecure attachment is present.”
3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Not every structural path is significant

    Major

    The claim that all structural paths are significant at 0.05 conflicts with the anxious-attachment-to-intimacy path, whose reported p-value is 0.089.

  • Avoidant attachment is neither negative nor significant on the direct path

    Major

    The statement describes both independent variables as having significant negative coefficients, whereas the reported direct coefficient from avoidant attachment to forgiveness is positive (0.02) and has p = 0.237.

  • Avoidant-attachment mediation is labeled both full and partial

    Minor

    The narrative calls mediation of the avoidant-attachment relationship full, but Table 4 labels the avoidant-attachment path through intimacy as partial mediation.

  • Retained loadings fall below the stated minimum

    Minor

    The text says every loading exceeds 0.708, but Table 1 includes a modified-model loading of 0.58 for ANX5.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

8 of the 77 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [55]55. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61(52), 18.
  2. [67]67. Walton, G. M., & Brady, S. T. (2020). The social-belonging intervention. Handbook of Wise Interventions: How Social Psychology Can Help People Change. The Guilford Press. Http://Gregorywaltonstanford. Weebly. Com/Uploads/4/9/4/4/49448111/Waltonbrady2019. Pdf.

Related

Authors
Elaheh, F., MD Nor, M., Abbas, G. B., & Danaee, M.
Affiliations
  • Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • University of Tehran (IR)
  • University of Malaya (MY)
ORCID
Danaee, Mahmoud
Venue
International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling
Publisher
Global Academic Excellence (M) Sdn Bhd
Published
2021-06-25
Volume
6
Issue
40
Pages
74-92
ISSN
0128-164X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.35631/ijepc.640006
OpenAlex
W3179421815
Cited by
0
References
77
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling (publishedVersion)
  • International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Universiti Malaya
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords
attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, forgiveness, intimacy, sense of belonging, self-esteem, married women, Iranian women, marital relationships, mediation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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