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The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: A systematic review
Abstract
Virtual reality technology enables people to become immersed in a computer-simulated, three-dimensional environment. This article provides a comprehensive review of controlled research on the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) distraction for reducing pain. To be included in the review, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed model design in which VR distraction was compared with a control condition or an alternative intervention in relieving pain. An exhaustive search identified 11 studies satisfying these criteria. VR distraction was shown to be effective for reducing experimental pain, as well as the discomfort associated with burn injury care. Studies of needle-related pain provided less consistent findings. Use of more sophisticated virtual reality technology capable of fully immersing the individual in a virtual environment was associated with greater relief. Overall, controlled research suggests that VR distraction may be a useful tool for clinicians who work with a variety of pain problems.
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“It is known that VW in this perspective is an established tool for acute affect modulation and acute pain relief [22, 23].”
From Virtual walking therapy in neuropathic spinal cord injury pain: a feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In VR relaxation [21] and VR pain management [36], presence is likely a mediator of intervention effects due to the inherent correlation with distraction from the outside and inside world”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [36]
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MethodPresence-Inducing Media for Mental Health Applications
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“It can be more effective than other distraction techniques due to its unique characteristics, such as the possibility of full immersion and interaction (Sharar et al. 2007; Malloy and Milling 2010).”
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“The technology could be effectively exported in medical care settings (Li et al., 2017) as a potentially cost-effective tool (Malloy and Milling, 2010), particularly since recent userfriendly developments (e.g. smaller headsets, intuitive controllers) do not require special training and could…”
BackgroundPain Distraction During Ambulatory Surgery: Virtual Reality and Mobile Devices
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BackgroundKeller, M. S., Park, H. J., Cunningham, M. E., Fouladian, J. E., Chen, M. S., & Spiegel, B. M. R. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7467 · Cited by 58
“Virtual reality (VR) technology provides an immersive environment that enables users to have modified experiences of reality [1,2].”
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Furness, P. J., Phelan, I., Babiker, N. T., Fehily, O., Lindley, S. A., & Thompson, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irz106 · Cited by 48
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“Moreover, a recent systematic review examined the effectiveness of virtual reality distraction in reducing pain [14].”
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The Effect of Distraction Techniques on the Pain of Venipuncture in Children: A Systematic Review
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“Physical and psychological stress have been postulated to be a possible component involved in the development of autoimmune diseases (3), and multiple studies have demonstrated that stress worsens disease activity in patients with RA, SLE, spondyloarthropathy, and vasculitis (4–8).”
BackgroundInfluentialLópez-Valverde, N., Fernández, J. M., López‐Valverde, A., Juan, L. F. V., Ramírez, J. M., Fraile, J. F., Payo, J. H., Antona, L. B., de Sousa, B. M., & Bravo, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9041025 · Cited by 44
“Moreover, a recent systematic review examined the effectiveness of virtual reality distraction in reducing pain [12].”
BackgroundRetractedHernandez, R., Burrows, B., Browning, M. H. E. M., Solai, K., Fast, D., Litbarg, N. O., Wilund, K. R., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2021) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0005522020 · Cited by 44
Matthie, N., Giordano, N. A., Jenerette, C. M., Magwood, G., Leslie, S., Northey, E. E., Webster, C., & Sil, S. (2022) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2022-0030 · Cited by 47
The Effects of Auditory, Visual, and Cognitive Distractions on Cybersickness in Virtual Reality
Venkatakrishnan, R., Venkatakrishnan, R., Raveendranath, B., Sarno, D. M., Robb, A. C., Lin, W., & Babu, S. V. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3293405 · Cited by 44
“Research has even shown that conscious perceptions of pain during medical procedures can be reduced by using VR as a distraction [65].”
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Martini, M. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.06.005 · Cited by 44
“In an elegant and comprehensive review by Malloy and Milling on the effectiveness of VR interventions for pain relief, it has been pointed out that immersive VR technology is more likely than non-immersive set ups to promote analgesia (Malloy & Milling, 2010).”
Ichinose, A., Sano, Y., Osumi, M., Sumitani, M., Kumagaya, S., & Kuniyoshi, Y. (2017) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968317718268 · Cited by 44
“Additionally, there is a possibility that the redirection of attention during VR-MVF provided a distraction from the pain that contributed to the perceived pain reduction.(44,45) We cannot exclude the possibility that the effect of the distraction was the largest in the Cheek Condition, followed in order by Intact Han…”
ResultAditya, P. V. A., Prasad, M. G., Nagaradhakrishna, A., Raju, N. S., & Babu, D. N. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08092 · Cited by 44
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Moscato, S., Sichi, V., Giannelli, A., Palumbo, P., Ostan, R., Varani, S., Pannuti, R., & Chiari, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709154 · Cited by 46
The Effects of Virtual Reality in Maternal Delivery: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Xu, N., Chen, S., Liu, Y., Jing, Y., & Gu, P. (2022) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/36695 · Cited by 43
“Increasing evidence supports VR as an effective distraction intervention that is a safe and effective alternative strategy for treating adults [15] and children [16], burns [17], and acute pain [18]; however, labor pain differs from other types of pain, in that it is associated with strong emotions and varies in inten…”
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“Efficacy of our proposed system is based on previous work on VR distraction [23, 24].”
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“Specific virtual reality (VR)-based distractions have shown promise in clinical settings, such as dentistry, IV placement, occupational or physical therapy, and burn care [9,11-24].”
Fouks, Y., Kern, G., Cohen, A., Reicher, L., Shapira, Z., Many, A., Yogev, Y., & Rattan, G. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1882 · Cited by 44
“…procedure than women who received no medication (p < 0.001), while in other studies (Abbas et al., 2019; Dahlberg et al., 1979; Lin et al., 2005; Malloy & Milling, 2010), there was no significant post- operative pain reduction with the use of buprenorphine 50 mg, oral diclofenac and other…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialApplication of virtual reality in neurosurgery: Patient missing. A systematic review
Vayssière, P., Constanthin, P. E., Herbelin, B., Blanke, O., Schaller, K., & Bijlenga, P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2021.11.031 · Cited by 45
“VR has been used in numerous clinical settings to help treat anxiety disorders, to control pain, to support physical rehabilitation and to distract patients during wound care [42,43].”
The State of Science in the Use of Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pain
Baker, N. A., Polhemus, A. H., Ospina, E. H., Feller, H., Zenni, M., Deacon, M., DeGrado, G., Basnet, S., & Driscoll, M. (2022) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001029 · Cited by 44
“Using SPSS 26 we calculated counts and percentages for all studies and by acute and chronic pain.”
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“Virtual reality (VR) is a tool that can create credible and complex multimodal sensory stimuli and biofeedback [1,2], can increase therapy engagement [3-5], and may distract from effort and pain [5,6].”
BackgroundEfficacy of Cartoon Viewing Devices During Phlebotomy in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
İnangil, D., Şendir, M., & Büyükyılmaz, F. (2020) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2020.01.008 · Cited by 41
Logan, D. E., Simons, L. E., Caruso, T. J., Gold, J. I., Greenleaf, W., Griffin, A. T., King, C. D., Menendez, M., Olbrecht, V. A., Rodríguez, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25916 · Cited by 41
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BackgroundThe Role of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies in Advancing Total Hip Arthroplasty
Andriollo, L., Picchi, A., Iademarco, G., Fidanza, A., Perticarini, L., Rossi, S. M. P., Logroscino, G., & Benazzo, F. M. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15010021 · Cited by 40
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Morgan, A., Sinclair, H., Tan, A., Thomas, E., & Castle, R. (2018) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1480667 · Cited by 40
“This may be due to either the pressure and blood gas alterations that occur whilst diving [19], or that diving requires a degree of mental focus which may offer distraction from their chronic pain [20].”
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Azmanov, H., Bayatra, A., & Ilan, Y. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s356319 · Cited by 42
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Because I’m Happy—An Overview on Fostering Positive Emotions Through Virtual Reality
Pavic, K., Vergilino‐Perez, D., Gricourt, T., & Chaby, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.788820 · Cited by 42
“, 2020), as well as distract from negative affects and sensations (Malloy and Milling, 2010; Sharar et al., 2016).”
Bernaerts, S., Bonroy, B., Daems, J., Sels, R., Struyf, D., Gies, I., & van de Veerdonk, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.866119 · Cited by 39
Hand‐held computers can help to distract children undergoing painful venipuncture procedures
Crevatin, F., Cozzi, G., Braido, E., Bertossa, G., Rizzitelli, P., Lionetti, D., Matassi, D., Calusa, D., Ronfani, L., & Barbi, E. (2016) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13454 · Cited by 40
“When it comes to the actual distraction techniques, there is an increasing interest in the use of new technology, such as electronic games and virtual reality (8 – 10).”
BackgroundHadjiat, Y., & Marchand, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.840921 · Cited by 40
Caes, L., Goubert, L., Devos, P., Verlooy, J., Benoît, Y., & Vervoort, T. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsu034 · Cited by 38
Mouraux, D., Brassinne, E., Sobczak, S., Nonclercq, A., Warzée, N., Sizer, P. S., Tuna, T., & Penelle, B. (2016) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2016.1176726 · Cited by 38
Robertson, A., Khan, R. J. K., Fick, D. P., Robertson, W. B., Gunaratne, D. R., Yapa, S., Bowden, V. K., Hoffman, H. G., & Rajan, R. (2017) · SeGAH ... IEEE ... International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health/IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health · doi:10.1109/segah.2017.7939282 · Cited by 38
“The overall score brackets being normal (0-7), borderline abnormal (810) and abnormal (11-21).”
BackgroundVillafaina, S., Collado-Mateo, D., Domínguez-Muñoz, F. J., Fuentes-García, J. P., & Gusi, N. (2019) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2019.0023 · Cited by 38
“12,13 Furthermore, a previous study showed that exergames may lead to similar physiological demands but lower perceived exertion and higher motivation compared with traditional gym-based exercise in healthy adults.”
Trost, Z., Anam, M., Seward, J., Shum, C., Rumble, D., Sturgeon, J., Mark, V., Chen, Y., Mitchell, L., Cowan, R., et al. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002348 · Cited by 37
Rezaei, I., Razeghi, M., Ebrahimi, S., Kayedi, S., & Zadeh, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering · doi:10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.556 · Cited by 37
“Recently, a VR approach was used to reduce pain in a psychological intervention [20].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVirtual Reality to Improve the Experience of the Mohs Patient—A Prospective Interventional Study
Higgins, S., Feinstein, S., Hawkins, M. L., Cockburn, M., & Wysong, A. S. (2019) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000001854 · Cited by 37
“Specifically, a 2004 study evaluating the efficacy of VR to reduce pain associated with subcutaneous venous port access reported a significant difference between the VR group and control group, while another study reported significant reductions in pain associated with burn injury debridement.(22) In another study of…”
BackgroundRosa, A., Pujia, A. M., Docimo, R., & Arcuri, C. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10111763 · Cited by 36
“Pain levels in four studies were assessed, two on children [9,18,23] and two on adults [24,25]; anxiety levels were assessed in three studies, two on adults [15,21] and one on”
BackgroundFowler, C. A., Ballistrea, L. M., Mazzone, K. E., Martin, A. M., Kaplan, H., Kip, K. E., Ralston, K., Murphy, J. L., & Winkler, S. L. (2019) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/11266 · Cited by 36
“A meta-analysis (14 studies, N=581) found large effect size reductions in acute and laboratory-induced pain when using VR distraction versus controls [26].”
BackgroundAn Empirical Study of Trends of Popular Virtual Reality Games and Their Complaints
Epp, R., Lin, D., & Bezemer, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Games · doi:10.1109/tg.2021.3057288 · Cited by 36
“While many aspects of VR computer games have been studied (e.g., their medical [15, 26] or educational [7, 48] potential, and comparisons with non-VR games [27, 37, 46]), to the best of our knowledge our study is the first large-scale examination of user complaints of such games.”
BackgroundOlbrecht, V. A., O’Conor, K. T., Williams, S. E., Boehmer, C. O., Marchant, G. W., Glynn, S. M., Geisler, K. J., Ding, L., Yang, G., & King, C. D. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26328 · Cited by 42
“Most VR studies use distraction–based VR (VR-D) to reduce pain temporarily by redirecting attention [7,9,10,13].”
Minen, M. T., Azarchi, S., Sobolev, R., Shallcross, A., Halpern, A., Berk, T., Simon, N. M., Powers, S., Lipton, R. B., & Seng, E. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny028 · Cited by 35
Virtual Reality: Endless Potential in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Case Report
Weingarten, K., Macapagal, F., & Parker, D. (2019) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2019.0207 · Cited by 36
Hennessy, R. W., Rumble, D., Christian, M., Brown, D. A., & Trost, Z. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/17799 · Cited by 35
Lee, H. N., Bae, W., Park, J. W., Jung, J. Y., Hwang, S., Kim, D. K., & Kwak, Y. H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256489 · Cited by 35
“Commercially available VR systems generally require the wearing of a head-mounted display (HMD) helmet to create a virtual space and block out the real world, which may be challenging for young children [17].”
BackgroundO'Gara, G., Murray, L., Georgopoulou, S., Anstiss, T., Macquarrie, A., Wheatstone, P., Bellman, B., Gilbert, P., Steed, A., & Wiseman, T. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047626 · Cited by 38
Embodiment in Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Case Series
Trujillo, M. S., Alvarez, A., Nguyen, L., & Petros, J. G. (2020) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s275312 · Cited by 34
Use of virtual reality in the supportive care management of paediatric patients with cancer.
Yap, K., Koh, D., Lee, V., & Wong, L.-L. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30240-6 · Cited by 28
Phelan, I., Furness, P. J., Fehily, O., Thompson, A. R., Babiker, N. T., Lamb, M., & Lindley, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/iry052 · Cited by 33
Fairclough, S. H., Stamp, K., Dobbins, C., & Poole, H. M. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102427 · Cited by 33
Chang, T. P., Hollinger, T., Dolby, T., & Sherman, J. M. (2020) · Simulation in Healthcare The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare · doi:10.1097/sih.0000000000000521 · Cited by 33
Alqudimat, M. R., Mesaroli, G., Lalloo, C., Stinson, J., & Matava, C. T. (2021) · Current anesthesiology reports · doi:10.1007/s40140-021-00472-3 · Cited by 38
Hao, J., Li, Y., Swanson, R., Chen, Z., & Siu, K. (2023) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07568-4 · Cited by 35
“[40] analyzed the VR effect on pain reduction in seven studies and suggested that the use of more sophisticated VR with full immersion was associated with greater pain relief.”
BackgroundLauwens, Y., Rafaatpoor, F., Corbeel, K., Broekmans, S., Toelen, J., & Allegaert, K. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7110194 · Cited by 32
“However, it seems that VR systems can be applied without a lot of time and effort in clinical routine care [25].”
BackgroundImmersive virtual reality in children with upper limb injuries: Findings from a feasibility study
Phelan, I., Furness, P. J., Dunn, H. D., Carrion-Plaza, A., Matsangidou, M., Dimitri, P., & Lindley, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3233/prm-190635 · Cited by 35
“This finding supports the hypothesis that distraction is the mechanism in VR that mediates pain [35], and its applicability in this cohort.”
ResultGroninger, H., Violanti, D., & Mete, M. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35282 · Cited by 33
Schrempf, M. C., Zanker, J., Arndt, T. T., Vlasenko, D., Anthuber, M., Müller, G., Sommer, F., & Wolf, S. (2023) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2023.0004 · Cited by 30
“22,24 In addition, exercise itself is known to have beneficial effects on mental health and mood state, therefore it seems likely that the VR environment, gameplay, and exercise contributed to the observed changes in mood and feelings.”
France, C. R., & Thomas, J. S. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.001 · Cited by 31
Barton, A. C., Sheen, J. A., & Byrne, L. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02050 · Cited by 37
Wei, W., Tang, H., Luo, Y., Yan, S., Ji, Q., Liu, Z., Li, H., Wu, F., Yang, S., & Yang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1424815 · Cited by 29
The Use of Technology in the Management of Orthodontic Treatment-Related Pain
Marya, A., & Venugopal, A. (2021) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2021/5512031 · Cited by 34
“)e major benefit of virtual reality over the other methods is that patients would feel a psychological presence in the simulated environments because of the sensory immersion [46].”
BackgroundSaliba, T., Schmartz, D., Fils, J., & der Linden, P. V. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-021-00725-w · Cited by 29
“[10, 31, 32] In summary, our meta-analysis agrees with the previous studies conducted into VR that there is existent, though limited, evidence that VR has a positive effect on procedural pain.”
ResultThe treatment of functional dyspepsia: present and future
Lacy, B. E., Chase, R. C., & Cangemi, D. J. (2023) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2023.2162877 · Cited by 33
Technology Solutions to Reduce Anxiety and Increase Cognitive Availability in Students
Hawes, D., & Arya, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2023.3239985 · Cited by 43
“such as pain, and toward positive stimuli [28].”
BackgroundPandya, P. G., Kim, T. E., Howard, S. K., Stary, E. K., Leng, J. C., Hunter, O. O., & Mariano, E. R. (2017) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kjae.2017.70.4.439 · Cited by 29
“Virtual reality (VR) distraction has been used on a limited basis as a nonpharmacological method to prevent acute pain related to burn dressing changes and other minor procedures [7,8].”
BackgroundNonpharmacologic Techniques to Assist in Pediatric Pain Management
Short, S., Pace, G., & Birnbaum, C. (2017) · Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2017.09.006 · Cited by 29
Patel, P. R., Ivanov, D. V., Bhatt, S. K., Mastorakos, G. M., Birckhead, B. J., Khera, N., & Vittone, J. L. (2019) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2019.0052 · Cited by 29
“7,8,16,24,32 We additionally report a subjective satisfaction with the VR experience from participants and a mild side effect profile.”
Virtual Reality Distraction to Help Control Acute Pain during Medical Procedures
Hoffman, H. G., Meyer, W. J., Drever, S. A., Soltani, M., Atzori, B., Herrero, R., Alhalabi, W., Richards, T. L., Sharar, S. R., Jensen, M. P., et al. (2019) · Virtual reality technologies for health and clinical applications · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9482-3_8 · Cited by 28
Leemhuis, E., Giuffrida, V., Giannini, A. M., & Pazzaglia, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091201 · Cited by 31
Transient Reductions in Postoperative Pain and Anxiety with the Use of Virtual Reality in Children
Olbrecht, V. A., O’Conor, K. T., Williams, S. E., Boehmer, C. O., Marchant, G. W., Glynn, S. M., Geisler, K. J., Pickerill, H. M., Ding, L., Yang, G., et al. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab209 · Cited by 26
Lee, H. N., Park, J. W., Hwang, S., Jung, J. Y., Kim, D. K., Kwak, Y. H., & Lee, E. J. (2022) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4426 · Cited by 27
What can virtual reality offer to stroke patients? A narrative review of the literature
Szczepańska-Gieracha, J., Cieślik, B., Rutkowski, S., Kiper, P., & Turolla, A. (2020) · NeuroRehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-203209 · Cited by 26
“…2005),10studiesreferredtoVRgames(Collado-Mateoetal.,2018;Dunnetal.,2017;Garrettet al.,2014;Lietal.,2014;Malloy&Milling,2010; Morris et al., 2009; Scapin et al., 2018; Teo et al., 2016; V¨alim¨aki et al., 2014; Wang & Reid, 2011), and 13 studies did not…”
Pal, D., Gupta, S., Das, S., & Jana, D. (2018) · Urology Annals · doi:10.4103/ua.ua_191_17 · Cited by 26
“Malloy and Milling have showed the efficacy of virtual distraction in the reduction of pain sensation.[20] In this context, recently, there has been a trend in using various distraction methods for pain relief during CPE.”
MethodBaşak, T., Demırtaş, A., & Yorubulut, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14782 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Malloy, K. M., & Milling, L. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Hartford (US)
- Corresponding author
- Milling, Leonard S.
- ORCID
- Milling, Leonard S.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1011-1018
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164662311
- Cited by
- 653
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- virtual reality, distraction therapy, analgesia, experimental pain, immersion, pain management
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Burns, Humans, Injections, Pain, Research, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, Pain Management
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