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Beyond linear mediation: Toward a dynamic network approach to study treatment processes
Open accessAbstract
Few clinical scientists would disagree that more research is needed on the underlying mechanisms and processes of change in psychological therapies. In the dominant current approach, processes of change are studied through mediation. The study of mediation has been largely structured around a distinction between moderation and mediation first popularized by Baron and Kenny's (1986) seminal article, which is based on a nomothetic and cross-sectional framework. In this article, we argue that this approach is unable to adequately address change processes in psychological therapies, because it falsely assumes that treatment change is a linear, unidirectional, pauci-variate process and that the statistical assumptions are met to study processes of change in an individual using a nomothetic approach. In contrast, we propose that treatment is a dynamic process involving numerous variables that may form bi-directional and complex relationships that differ between individuals. Such relationships can best be studied using an individual dynamic network approach connected to nomothetic generalization methods that are based on a firm idiographic foundation. We argue that our proposal is available, viable, and can readily be integrated into existing research strategies. We further argue that adopting an individual dynamic network approach combined with experimental analyses will accelerate the study of treatment change processes, which is necessary as the field of evidence-based care moves toward a process-based model. We encourage future research to gather empirical evidence to examine this approach.
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“Modeling downstream mechanisms will likely require complex approaches such as network analytic frameworks”
From Measuring the active elements of cognitive-behavioral therapies (2023) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2020
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“The second important component of PBT is the personalization of treatment based on (a) information about the individual network of the problem and (b) matching interventions based on their effective components to the central node of the network [10].”
From Process-based therapy vs. routine-CBT for difficult-to-treat mood and anxiety disorders: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
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“both outcomes and processes of therapeutic change are likely to be different from person to person (Hofmann et al., 2020;Vlaeyen et al., 2020).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women living with Vulvodynia: A single-case experimental design study of a treatment delivered online (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2020
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In the citing paper
“Linear mediation models, as employed in our study, may not be suitable to capture the complexity of therapeutic processes”
From Transdiagnostic Processes as Mediators of Change in an Internet-Delivered Intervention Based on the Unified Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2020
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In the citing paper
“the relationship between outcome and mediator are dynamic, bidirectional, and non-linear (Hofmann etal., 2020)”
From Transdiagnostic Processes as Mediators of Change in an Internet-Delivered Intervention Based on the Unified Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2020
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In the citing paper
“If only studies of mediation within randomized controlled trials are examined, more than 1,000 significant findings can be identified, encompassing more than 100 processes of change 71 .”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Mediators often form bi-directional and complex relationships that differ between individuals (Hofmann, Curtiss, & Hayes, 2020).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Curtiss, & Hayes, 2020
In the citing paper
“A similar lack of progress has been noted for behavioural markers in guiding and individualizing behavioural treatments such as psychotherapy.33”
From Precision clinical trials: a framework for getting to precision medicine for neurobehavioural disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“However, neurobehavioural treatment response may not obey a dose–response curve; it could evolve in complex, nonlinear ways both acutely and in the longer term, as patients’ needs, preferences, psychosocial context and neurobiology change over time.33”
From Precision clinical trials: a framework for getting to precision medicine for neurobehavioural disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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“New statistical methods allow researchers to model the temporal dynamics of illness at an individual level.33,48,49”
From Precision clinical trials: a framework for getting to precision medicine for neurobehavioural disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Complexity science can inform the field in terms of more sophisticated theories and analytic methods to discover how people change and how that can be facilitated (Hayes and Andrews, 2020; Hayes et al., 2022; Heino et al., 2022; Hofmann et al., 2020; Olthof et al., 2020).”
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“This approach also represents an advance in organizational psychology, a field that typically favors cross-sectional studies (Hofmann et al., 2020; Shaughnessy et al., 2008).”
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“This aligns with the process-based approach’s emphasis on tailoring interventions to the specific interactive processes that contribute to an individual’s psychological distress [35].”
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“Note: None of the differences between AET and CBT at the timepoints were significant elucidated in prospective dynamic change‐process studies (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
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Online process-based training for perfectionism: A randomized trial
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“Fourth, we used nomothetic analyses to interpret our data, which has limited utility in PBT due to its emphasis on idiographic assessment (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
MethodDomhardt, M., Mennel, V., Angerer, F., Grund, S., Mayer, A., Büscher, R., Sander, L., Cuijpers, P. J., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104735 · Cited by 8
Schaich, A., Antia-Frese, M., Gebauer, C., Schippmann, G., Assmann, N., Jauch‐Chara, K., Alvarez‐Fischer, D., Klein, J. P., & Faßbinder, E. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2530543 · Cited by 7
“More recently, it has emerged that a bidirectional relationship between mechanism and outcome might also reflect change mechanisms, possibly even more than unidirectional associations (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
The network dynamics of self‐compassion components and psychological symptoms during an intervention
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The Contribution of the Psychologist in the Assessment and Treatment of Fibromyalgia
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Ciarrochi, J., Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., & Sahdra, B. K. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2pbcf · Cited by 8
Self-citationExamining the effects of process-based therapy: A multiple baseline study
Ong, C. W., Sheehan, K. G., Mann, A. J. D., & Fox, E. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100875 · Cited by 8
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“An alternative approach could involve using dynamic network models to capture the complexity inherent in change processes within interventions [98].”
Novel Approaches Toward Studying Change
Heshmati, S., Westhoff, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.02.001 · Cited by 6
Self-citationA Vicious Cycle? Group-Level Analysis of Intra-Individual Dynamics in Mental Health Variables
Bommer, J., Schwartz, B., Klein, C., Rupp, J., Katalinic, A., Assmann, N., Borsche, M., Balck, A., Föh, B., Lutz, W., et al. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10517-6 · Cited by 5
“This observation aligns with other research that emphasizes both the need to consider an idiographic and a nomothetic perspective (Hofmann et al., 2020; Webb et al., 2023).”
Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Giné-Vázquez, I., Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Suso‐Ribera, C., García‐Palacios, A., McCracken, L. M., Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., Ciarrochi, J., & Luciano, J. V. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2382429 · Cited by 7
“…et al., 2023) and is unable to adequately address change processes in psychological therapies because it falsely assumes that therapy change is a linear, uni-directional, and pauci-variate process and that the statistical assumptions are met to extend results to individuals (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
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“It will be important to incorporate these findings with other data sources because quality improvement initiatives and other innovations are planned and implemented to refine our overall understanding, including dynamic and nonlinear dependencies among innovation components and contextual factors.(39) Innovations deve…”
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What Is Third Wave Behavior Therapy?
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“In this sense, although several efforts have recently been developed (see, for example: Gallagher et al., 2020; Hofmann et al., 2020), more research is needed to better identify (a) which are the core mechanisms of change that take place during psychotherapy, and (b) which are the best ways to…”
Compatibility of Components in Cognitive Behavioral Therapies: A Call for Combinatory Congruency
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From Package to Process: An Evidence-based Approach to Processes of Change in Psychotherapy
Ciarrochi, J., Hayes, S. C., Hayes, L., Sahdra, B. K., Ferrari, M., Yap, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00085-6 · Cited by 6
Self-citationA Process-Based Approach to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Moskow, D. M., Barthel, A. L., Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00183-7 · Cited by 7
Self-citationProzessbasierter Ansatz in der Psychotherapie
Stangier, U., Strauss, B. M., Rief, W., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-023-00690-6 · Cited by 6
“Durch die Erfassung dynamischer Wechselwirkun-gen psychischer Störungsprozesse und die Wahl psychotherapeutischer Interventio-nen entsprechend den evidenzbasierten Wirkmechanismen (Hofmann et al. 2020; Sanford et al. 2022) könnten neue Po-tenziale für eine wirksamere Behandlung erschlossen werden.”
Self-citationMediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder
van de Leur, J. C., Johansson, F., McCracken, L. M., Åhs, F., Brodda Jansen, G., & Buhrman, M. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2295217 · Cited by 5
“…for the lack of mediated effects is that the time frames addressed are too long, that there are individual differences in how the potential mediators operate, or that the relations between outcomes and potential mediators are more complex, such as bidirectional and nonlinear (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPerson, population, mechanism. A rejoinder to critics and an elaboration of the three-branch model
Lundh, L. (2024) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2024.26295 · Cited by 4
“(Hofmann et al., 2020, p. 1) Importantly, these methodological approaches all start by at-tempting to find generalizable patterns within the individual, that can then eventually be generalized across individuals.”
Shimizu, R., Bessaha, M. L., Moore, K. L., Ben‐David, S., Rodwin, A. H., & Munson, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.09.021 · Cited by 4
Jacobson, N. C., Erickson, T. M., Quach, C. M., & Singh, N. B. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10347-4 · Cited by 8
“Model fit was examined using cutoffs from prior simulation studies: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) ≤ 0.06; Confirmatory Fit Index (CFI) ≥ 0.95; and Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) ≥ 0.95 (Hu & Bentler, 1998).”
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“A variable that serves as a bridge between both dependent and independent variables is referred to as a mediator (Hofmann, Curtiss & Hayes 2020).”
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A smartphone application to reduce problematic drinking: a feasibility trial
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“To further clarify these mechanisms, future studies should combine the use of a larger sample size and a randomized controlled design with the utilization of mediation analyses [52]or other statistical methods developed to clarify causal pathways [53].”
BackgroundHofmann, S. G., Pereira, B., Barbosa, C., & Lindsay, C. E. (2024) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2024.26273 · Cited by 3
“Likewise, the emergence of an individualized process-based approach as a paradigm shift is central in mental health intervention, allowing for a progressive pathway to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of mental health difficulties and psychotherapy efficacy (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPereira, G.-L., Martínez-Díaz, C., García-Morales, R., & Parga, M. X. F. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100801 · Cited by 3
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Westhoff, M., Bhattacharya, S., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00024-5 · Cited by 6
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Self-citationDelineamento de caso único na pesquisa em psicologia clínica
de Paulo, L. C. S., & Pilatti, P. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva · doi:10.31505/rbtcc.v26i1.1786 · Cited by 2
Tolerance of Uncontrollability and Psychopathology: The Role of Maladaptive Emotion Regulation
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“…design and cross-sectional data underestimate the possible bi-directional relationships between variables and assume that a linear relationship is present between variables, which generally is not the case in real-life situations, and are blind to temporal change (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
Lopes, R. D. C. T., Šipka, D., Strayhorn, J. C., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Krieger, T., Klein, J. P., & Berger, T. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104816 · Cited by 2
Must We Always Go Idiographic?
Kaiser, T., Herzog, P., Brakemeier, E.-L., & Golino, H. F. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10672-4 · Cited by 2
“…for psychotherapy—partic - ularly process-based therapy (PBT) as proposed by Hayes and Hofmann—emphasize targeting core mechanisms of change rather than focusing on diagnostic categories or strict adherence to a single theoretical orientation (Hofmann & Hayes, 2019; Hofmann et al., 2020).”
Towards mechanism-focused and scalable resilience interventions
Schäfer, S. K., Stoffers‐Winterling, J., & Lieb, K. (2026) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-026-00573-y · Cited by 3
“Third, these models cannot account for nonlinear interactions, feedback loops or the interdependence of variables over time 73 .”
InfluentialChen, L., Lin, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, J., & Xiang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1854829 · Cited by 2
“Traditional variable-centered analysis, while capable of examining the relationship between loneliness and parasocial relationships with virtual idols, still faces limitations in addressing a more nuanced question: what specific psychological components drive these effects (Hofmann et al., 2020).”
心理ネットワークアプローチがもたらす「臨床革命」—認知行動療法の文脈に基づく展望—
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PSYKOTERAPIFORSKNING GENNEM 100 ÅR – HVOR LANGT ER VI NÅET?
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“Importantly, the relationship between techniques and processes is unlikely to be adequately modeled by one-on-one associations (see [19; 56].”
BackgroundStress from early life to adulthood: Is there a protective role of cognitive control?
Larra, M. F., Gajewski, P. D., Getzmann, S., Wascher, E., & Metzler, Y. A. (2024) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106165 · Cited by 2
“…established common-cause hypotheses, this perspective is gaining increasing attention across scientific disciplines, like mental health research (Hofmann et al., 2020; McNally, 2016; Robinaugh et al., 2020), neurosciences (Bassett & Sporns, 2017; Medaglia et al., 2015), and other fields…”
Kroemeke, A., Dudek, J. E., Kijowska, M., Owen, R., & Sobczyk‐Kruszelnicka, M. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08235-1 · Cited by 2
“The latter assumes that an intervention transforms the connectivity of the networks of intervention goals, the outcome of the intervention, and the connections between the two networks [35, 36].”
BackgroundPalsola, M., Araújo‐Soares, V., Hardeman, W., Haukkala, A., Heino, M. T. J., Sniehotta, F. F., Sund, R., Vasankari, T. J., & Hankonen, N. E. (2024) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12744 · Cited by 5
Comparing two major approaches to unifying psychology: Different goals, different outcomes
Young, G. C. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06838-0 · Cited by 2
“In terms of the research program required to test the cur - rent model, the article gives one example related to sys - tems theory, following Gelo and Salvatore ( 2016), Hayes and Andrews ( 2020), Hofmann et al. (2020 ), and Schiepek and Pincus (2023 ).”
Efeitos de uma disciplina de relações interpessoais no repertório social de estudantes de exatas
Cardoso, B. L. A., Guerra, L. L. D. L., & de Sousa, J. M. (2020) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2020.3.34055 · Cited by 2
Verbal interaction pattern analysis in clinical psychology
Alonso‐Vega, J., Andrés-López, N., & Parga, M. X. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.949733 · Cited by 2
“Especially, two main trends are rising in clinical psychology, the call for personalized psychotherapy and the study of complex interactions between psychological problems, psychological interventions, and treatment outcomes (Hofmann et al., 2020; Wright and Woods, 2020; Mansueto et al., 2022).”
BackgroundToward a synthesis of cognitive behaviour therapy via component analysis of self‐regulation
Arco, L. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2918 · Cited by 4
Jewell, T. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ru8sd · Cited by 2
Huth, H. A., Klein, J. P., Fürschke, S., Faßbinder, E., Newe, C., Jauch‐Chara, K., Burian, R., Baumeister, A., Moritz, S., Borgwardt, S., et al. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10596-z · Cited by 1
Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Rodríguez‐Freire, C., Gallego, A., Feliu‐Soler, A., Suso‐Ribera, C., García‐Palacios, A., Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., Ciarrochi, J., McCracken, L. M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-025-00268-x · Cited by 1
“Such refinement should involve dynamic, person-centered designs that allow real-time monitoring and tailoring of interventions based on individual response patterns, rather than relying solely on group-based averages (Ciarrochi, 2021; S. G. Hofmann et al., 2020).”
Self-citationMhaidat, I., Taherian, M. R., Nazari, S. S. H., Mosavi-Jarrahi, A., Yeganeh, H., Al‐Yateem, N., Al-Marzouqi, A., Rahman, S. A., & Vally, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01573-4 · Cited by 4
“This helps patients with SUD overcome stigma, shame, and abuse (Gul & Aqeel, 2021; Hofmann et al., 2020).”
Waiting for translation: A review of translational research in psychological treatment
Petrule, C., Bittermann, A., Ritter, V., Rief, W., Haberkamp, A., Berg, M., Christiansen, H., Haberkamp, A., Hermann, C., Hofmann, S. G., et al. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102708 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWesthoff, M., Berg, M., Stein, F., Rief, W., Tan, R., Thomas‐Odenthal, F., Usemann, P. L., Teutenberg, L., Nenadić, I., Straube, B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121810 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPahlen, L., Fechtelpeter, J., Hufschmidt, B., Kohl, V., Ebert, M., Fiehn, H., Nemani, A., Hofmann, S. G., & Stangier, U. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2666624 · Cited by 1
Self-citationNakimuli‐Mpungu, E., Zeng, C., Babirye, S., Huang, R., Kemigisha, B., Kwesiga, J. M., Wamala, K., Kasujja, R., Kalani, K. O., & Martinez, R. A. (2026) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.25753.2 · Cited by 1
Treatment-associated network dynamics in patients with globus sensations: a proof-of-concept study
Imperiale, M. N., Lieb, R., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42186-y · Cited by 1
Initial Validation of the Self Experiences Questionnaire-2 in People with Chronic Pain
Yu, L., Kioskli, K., & McCracken, L. M. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10500-1 · Cited by 1
“First of all, individuals’ responses to psychological interventions are often dynamic, non-linear, and highly individual (Hofmann et al., 2020 ).”
Pavlacic, J. M., Rheingold, A. A., Kellum, K. K., & Young, J. S. (2025) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.1007/s42822-025-00206-8 · Cited by 1
“With use of process-based conceptualizations (Hofmann et al., 2020), it is possible to consider these different factors in individualized models to design resilience-focused interventions for those who are affected by stressors.”
InfluentialA process-based competence evaluation for evidence-based dissemination (PROCEED): a study protocol
Gorinelli, S., Sairanen, E., Hofmann, S. G., Ciarrochi, J., Tuomisto, M. T., & Keinonen, K. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03228-4 · Cited by 1
“To generate scientific data on the effectiveness of any approach to dissemination and training of intervention skills, the key therapist competencies must first be operationalized (e.g., [18]).”
Self-citationEquilibrium Causal Models: Connecting Dynamical Systems Modeling and Cross-Sectional Data Analysis
Ryan, O., & Dablander, F. (2025) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2025.2522733 · Cited by 1
“…to question the utility of gathering cross-sectional data to learn about within-person processes at all (Bos et al., 2017; Fisher et al., 2018; Hofmann et al., 2020), others have argued that patterns of statistical dependency in cross-sectional data provide an important and complementary…”
The Change Process: Clients' Perspectives and Understanding of Change During Psychological Therapy
Mount, A. (2020) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · doi:10.15123/uel.88wvz · Cited by 1
Psicopatología como red causal compleja de síntomas interactivos
Lunansky, G., & Garay, C. J. (2022) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2022.39.2.11 · Cited by 1
ACT for Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
Smith, B. M., Smith, G. S., & Bluett, E. J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197550076.013.15 · Cited by 1
Helmich, M. A. (2022) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.200101721 · Cited by 2
Schaeuffele, C., Bär, J., Buengener, I., Grafiadeli, R., Heuthaler, E., Strieder, J., Ziehn, P., Knaevelsrud, C., Renneberg, B., & Boettcher, J. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fs4x8 · Cited by 1
Wyatt, K. P., Eberle, J. W., Ruork, A. K., & Neacsiu, A. D. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jrkvt · Cited by 1
Pereira, P. E. C. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.47.2022.tde-07122022-082556 · Cited by 1
Rizvi, S. L., Ruork, A. K., Yin, Q., Yeager, A. L., Taylor, M. E., & Kleiman, E. M. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.60035 · Cited by 1
Introduction to the special issue on process-based therapy
Ong, C. W., Hofmann, S. G., Ciarrochi, J., Menzies, R. G., & Hayes, S. C. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100874 · Cited by 3
Self-citationMethods of Clinical Psychology
Rubel, J. A., Hall, M., & Lutz, W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00076-5 · Cited by 1
The Study of Mediators and Mechanisms in Psychotherapy Research
Andrews, L. A., Curtiss, J. E., & Hayes, A. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00220-x · Cited by 1
Self-citationHeshmati, S., Westhoff, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/b5rc7
Self-citationRygiel, K. (2023) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815196023123010013
Permata, P., Cahyono, H., & Riu, J. B. G. (2024) · Sains Manajemen · doi:10.30656/sm.v9i2.7747
Terugblik en vooruitblik op de behandeling
Daansen, P., & van den Berg, E. M. (2024) · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2990-8_16
Increasing Outcome Measurement Precision: Network Analysis of Items on the OQ-45Preprint
Kaiser, T., Erekson, D. M., & Ogles, B. M. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/chvpx
Entwicklung der prozessbasierten Therapie
Ritter, V., & Stangier, U. (2024) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68379-8_6
de Felice, G., & Pincus, D. (2024) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint5040054
Akhsa, M. R. (2024) · Journal Research of Social Science Economics and Management · doi:10.59141/jrssem.v4i4.740
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J. E., & Hayes, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 76
- Pages
- 101824
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7137783
- OpenAlex
- W3000381339
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 18
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- treatment process, psychotherapy, mediation analysis, moderation, dynamic network model, individual differences, idiographic approach, mechanistic model, evidence-based care, mechanisms of change
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychotherapy
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