The DOI matches its Crossref record; 250 of the 252 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Respiratory therapy for the treatment of anxiety: Meta-analytic review and regression
Open accessAbstract
Objective Respiratory abnormalities are a hallmark of anxiety symptomatology and may serve as clinically useful modifiers for alleviating anxiety symptoms. However, gold-standard anxiety treatments (e.g., cognitive-behavioral interventions) often do not directly address respiratory components despite their theoretical utility and clinical accessibility. This review examined the clinical effectiveness of respiratory interventions, interventions that directly target respiration abnormalities and processes, in treating trait anxiety symptoms. Methods The final analysis included 40 randomized controlled trials including at least one measure of trait anxiety, a respiratory-focused intervention group, and a non-respiratory control-group (active or inactive treatment). Overall effects of respiratory focused interventions were examined, as well as the effect of hypothesized moderators. Results Respiratory component interventions yielded significantly greater improvements (moderate to large effect) in anxiety symptoms than controls, with the stronger effects observed in comparison to inactive, rather than active, control conditions. Significant heterogeneity in findings suggests that variability in intervention design, population, and control comparison may obfuscate interpretation of findings. Conclusions Evidence supports the clinical utility of respiratory interventions as either an independent anxiety treatment, or as an adjunct to other interventions. Clinical and research implic…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although existing literature confirms the widespread benefits of slow breathing practices for stress/anxiety reduction [23,24,25,35,36,37,38], null or negative results are reported in some studies [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50].”
In the citing paper
“Breathing practices, when used in isolation, have the advantage of being universally accessible, scalable, and cost-free. They are not limited by access to healthcare services nor burdened by side effects and put potential treatment tools in the hands of the individual [23,24,25].”
In the citing paper
“and another recent meta-analysis found significant effects in both psychiatric and healthy populations [24].”
In the citing paper
“However, their analysis may have been underpowered with only one intervention in mental health populations; and another recent meta-analysis found significant effects in both psychiatric and healthy populations [24].”
In the citing paper
“Although these results contrast with other findings of no treatment duration effect [24,35], those reviews may have been limited by small samples, study heterogeneity, and exclusion of human-guided training, which may interact with long-term practice.”
In the citing paper
“While existing meta-analyses provide valuable insights [24,35,121], we included a broader array of studies to establish a deeper understanding of how various practice and implementation factors are associated with stress reduction.”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Stanley, 2012, Vol. 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effect of breathwork on stress and mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials
Fincham, G. W., Strauss, C., Montero-Marin, J., & Cavanagh, K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-27247-y · Cited by 224
Bentley, T. G. K., D’Andrea-Penna, G., Rakic, M., Arce, N., LaFaille, M., Berman, R., Cooley, K., & Sprimont, P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121612 · Cited by 111
Breathwork Interventions for Adults with Clinically Diagnosed Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review
Banushi, B., Brendle, M., Ragnhildstveit, A., Murphy, T., Moore, C., Egberts, J., & Robison, R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020256 · Cited by 58
Prabhu, V. G., Stanley, L., Morgan, R., & Shirley, B. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2270442 · Cited by 39
Ribeiro, T. C., Sangrà, P. S., Pagès, E. G., Badiella, L., López, B., Aguiló, S., & Aguiló, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1147260 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Leyro, T. M., Versella, M. V., Yang, M.-J., Brinkman, H. R., Hoyt, D. L., & Lehrer, P.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leyro, Teresa M.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 84
- Pages
- 101980
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8302658
- OpenAlex
- W3126092337
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 252
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- respiratory care, anxiety, trait anxiety, treatment moderators, adjunctive therapy, cognitive-behavioral intervention, treatment effectiveness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
