The DOI matches its Crossref record; 85 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 127 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Some autistic people employ strategies and behaviours to cope with the everyday social world, thereby 'camouflaging' their autistic differences and difficulties. This review aimed to systematically appraise and synthesise the current evidence base pertaining to autistic camouflaging. Following a systematic search of eight databases, 29 studies quantifying camouflaging in children and adults with autism diagnoses or high levels of autistic traits were reviewed. The multiple methods used to measure camouflaging broadly fell under two different approaches: internal-external discrepancy or self-report. These approaches appear to relate to two distinct but potentially connected elements of camouflaging: observable behavioural presentations and self-perceived camouflaging efforts. While significant variation was noted across individual study findings, much of the existing literature supported three preliminary findings about the nature of autistic camouflaging: (1) adults with more self-reported autistic traits report greater engagement in camouflaging; (2) sex and gender differences exist in camouflaging; and (3) higher self-reported camouflaging is associated with worse mental health outcomes. However, the research base was limited regarding participant characterisation and representativeness, which suggests that conclusions cannot be applied to the autistic community as a whole. We propose priorities for future research in refining the current understanding of camouflaging and improving measurement methods.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review synthesizes 29 quantitative studies of camouflaging in autistic people and those with high autistic traits. It finds consistent links between self-reported camouflaging and higher autistic traits/diagnosis, female gender, and poorer mental health, but measurement heterogeneity and unrepresentative samples limit firm conclusions.
Key findings
- Adults with more self-reported autistic traits, and often those with an autism diagnosis, report greater camouflaging; one study suggested the diagnostic association was driven by autistic traits rather than the label itself.
- Most included studies found autistic females/girls/women camouflaged more than autistic males/boys/men, with no study showing the reverse; evidence on non-binary people was limited, though one study found non-binary autistic people camouflaged at levels similar to autistic women.
- Eight of ten adult studies supported an association between greater self-reported camouflaging and poorer mental health, including anxiety, depression, psychological distress, suicidality, and lower wellbeing; findings using internal-external discrepancy measures were less consistent.
- Two broad measurement approaches emerged: self-report methods, which may capture “camouflaging intent,” and internal-external discrepancy methods, which may capture “camouflaging efficacy”; the CAT-Q was used in 13 of 19 self-report studies.
Methods
- PROSPERO-registered systematic review following PRISMA; databases searched from inception to October 2020, with an updated search in May 2021, plus grey literature and reference checking.
- From 2160 unique citations and 104 full-text reviews, 29 studies met inclusion criteria: 18 adult studies and 11 child/adolescent studies, totaling 2254 adults and 1077 children/adolescents with autism diagnoses or high autistic traits.
- Data were extracted and cross-checked by reviewers, study quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and findings were narratively grouped by five research questions; meta-analysis was not possible due to measurement differences.
Limitations
- The authors state that the search may not have been exhaustive, that their own involvement in the camouflaging field may have introduced bias, and that the review lacked participatory design and autistic input.
- The review reports that most studies failed to obtain representative samples (n=23) and many did not describe participant flow (n=17); participant characterization was generally poor, with samples mostly white, university-educated adult females/women diagnosed in adulthood and mostly white male children/adolescents.
- The text makes evident further constraints: cross-sectional designs prevent causal inference, non-binary samples were underpowered, online questionnaire recruitment likely excluded some autistic people, and the CAT-Q had not been validated for adolescents in several included studies.
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Claims the paper makes
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current approaches to measuring camouflaging appear to measure 'camouflaging intent' and 'camouflaging efficacy'.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study designs are limited by poor participant characterisation and representativeness.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher self-reported camouflaging is associated with worse mental health outcomes.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, no review has systematically identified and described methods of measuring camouflaging, nor has it systematically examined the measurement properties of these methods.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Previous Reviews
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex and gender differences exist in camouflaging.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, no review has systematically identified and described methods of measuring camouflaging, nor has it systematically examined the measurement properties of these methods.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Previous Reviews
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adults with more self-reported autistic traits report greater engagement in camouflaging.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, no review has systematically examined and described the characteristics of participants included in camouflaging studies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Previous Reviews
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total, 2254 autistic adults (clinically diagnosed or self-identifying) and adults with high levels of autistic traits were included across all studies (sample sizes ranged from N=17 to N=354).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,254Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies failed to gain a representative sample of autistic participants (n = 23) and/or did not provide a description of participant flow (e.g., an indication of the number of people who started, but failed to finish, an online questionnaire; n = 17).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 23Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less common methodological issues included: failing to consider or account for any potential betweengroup differences in demographic variables, in design or analysis (n=10); failing to control for autistic traits in analyses between autistic and non-autistic groups (n=2); using measures not designed for autistic people/a specific age group of autistic people and failing to provide information rega”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total, 2254 autistic adults (clinically diagnosed or self-identifying) and adults with high levels of autistic traits were included across all studies (sample sizes ranged from N=17 to N=354).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies failed to gain a representative sample of autistic participants (n = 23) and/or did not provide a description of participant flow (e.g., an indication of the number of people who started, but failed to finish, an online questionnaire; n = 17).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 17Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the overall quality of included studies was sound, several specific methodological issues were common across the quantitative and mixed-methods studies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less common methodological issues included: failing to consider or account for any potential betweengroup differences in demographic variables, in design or analysis (n=10); failing to control for autistic traits in analyses between autistic and non-autistic groups (n=2); using measures not designed for autistic people/a specific age group of autistic people and failing to provide information rega”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 10Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less common methodological issues included: failing to consider or account for any potential betweengroup differences in demographic variables, in design or analysis (n=10); failing to control for autistic traits in analyses between autistic and non-autistic groups (n=2); using measures not designed for autistic people/a specific age group of autistic people and failing to provide information rega”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less common methodological issues included: failing to consider or account for any potential betweengroup differences in demographic variables, in design or analysis (n=10); failing to control for autistic traits in analyses between autistic and non-autistic groups (n=2); using measures not designed for autistic people/a specific age group of autistic people and failing to provide information rega”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were four sets of studies in which samples were partially or fully duplicated (Hull et al., 2019;Hull, Lai, et al., 2020;Hull, Levy, et al., 2021;Jorgenson et al., 2020;Bernardin et al., 2021;Lai et al., 2017Lai et al., , 2019;;Livingston, Shah, & Happé, 2019;Livingston et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of participants reported female sex or identified as womenfoot_0 (60.1%) and were formally diagnosed with autism (95.9%).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the total CAT-Q and subscale scores ranged from α = 0.81 to α = 0.91 across these four studies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Included studies quantified camouflaging using two different measurement approaches: internal-external discrepancy approaches, or self-report approaches.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Camouflaging Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistencies for the Total CAT-Q and subscale scores in included studies ranged from α =0.79 to α =0.94.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 9Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants in the eight studies reporting ethnic group/race were white (86.1%).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in Table 4, 19 studies used self-report measures of camouflaging.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Finally, in a large sample of cisgender and transgender women, formally diagnosed autistic women scored higher than non-autistic women on the Camouflaging subscale of the modified GQ-ASC (Brown et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“whilst high autistic identification and open disclosure of one's diagnosis may be associated with reduced camouflaging (Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, higher overall scores on the CAT-Q were associated with higher autistic traits for both formally diagnosed and nonautistic individuals.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“autistic adolescents demonstrated significantly higher Total CAT-Q scores than non-autistic adolescents in offline (but not online) settings.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jedrzewska & Dewey, 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greatest lower bound reliability for the Total Compensation Score was glb = 0.82.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Autistic (formally diagnosed and self-identifying) and non-autistic adults similarly described either deep compensation, shallow compensation, or behavioural masking strategies at least once in text responses to open ended questions (Livingston, Shah, & Happé, 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston, Shah, & Happé, 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, higher scores on the Camouflaging subscale were only associated with higher autistic traits for non-autistic women.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In a large sample of adults, formally diagnosed autistic individuals scored higher than nonautistic individuals on the CAT-Q Total and subscale scores (Hull et al., 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull et al., 2019 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“evidence suggested that experiences of stigma and not feeling accepted by others was associated with increased camouflaging (Cage et al., 2018;Perry et al., 2021)”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cage et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 2021
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“autistic adolescents did not score more highly overall on the CAT-Q than non-autistic adolescents.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jorgenson et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results across these two studies were inconsistent.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This association was not maintained after accounting for autistic traits and education, suggesting that the relationship between camouflaging and autism diagnosis may be driven by autistic traits.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“However, formally diagnosed autistic individuals described a greater total number of compensation strategies compared to non-autistic individuals (Livingston et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston et al., 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence from five of the nine studies suggested that those reporting male sex or identifying as men camouflaged less than those reporting female sex or identifying as women.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging between men, women, and non-binary people were not found”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results of three exploratory studies using predominately qualitative methodologies were not suggestive of sex or gender differences in camouflaging (Cage et al., 2018;Hull et al., 2017;Livingston et al. 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results of four studies using psychometrically rigorous methods of quantification (i.e., continuous rating scales) generally supported sex or gender differences.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The two studies investigating what they termed sex/gender differences using the internalexternal discrepancy approach found that autistic women demonstrated higher camouflaging scores than autistic men (Lai et al., 2017;Schuck, et al., 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“autistic females with high autistic traits and/or autism diagnoses demonstrated less autistic social behaviour than males with autistic traits and/or autism diagnoses, despite having equivalent (or poorer) social communication skills, autistic traits, and ToM abilities”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“results from one study suggested that those reporting non-binary genders camouflaged more than those identifying as men (Perry et al., 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 2021
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Cage and Troxel-Whitman (2019) found no gender differences on the Total CAT-Q score between autistic men or women.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cage and Troxel-Whitman, 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence from seven of the nine studies suggested that through childhood and adolescence, those reporting female sex or identifying as girls camouflage more than those reporting male sex or identifying as boys.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“autistic women demonstrated higher Total CAT-Q scores than autistic men after accounting for age and autistic-like traits.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Lai, et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two small-scale studies exploring associations between camouflaging and cognitive abilities in autistic adults via internal-external discrepancy measurement approaches yielded inconsistent results.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are particular cognitive abilities or processes associated with camouflaging?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Livingston, Colvert, et al. (2019) found no gender differences between compensation groups”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston, Colvert, et al., 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“no sex or gender differences were found for autistic adolescents using the CAT-Q in offline contexts (Jorgenson et al., 2020;Jedrzejewska & Dewey, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jorgenson et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Jedrzejewska & Dewey, 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was some evidence to suggest that higher camouflaging was associated with better executive functioning abilities.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“found no association between camouflaging and Full-Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, or Performance IQ (Lai et al., 2017).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are particular cognitive abilities or processes associated with camouflaging?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“autistic females engaged in more parent-reported masking behaviours than autistic males on the Masking subscale of the Q-ASC (Ormond et al. 2018).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ormond et al. 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Schuck et al. (2019) found no relationship between camouflaging and executive functioning”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are particular cognitive abilities or processes associated with camouflaging?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schuck et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results regarding associations between camouflaging and IQ were inconsistent.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“autistic and non-autistic adolescents identifying as female gender reported engaging in more camouflaging online (using the CATO-Q) than those who identified as male gender (Jedrzejewska & Dewey, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jedrzejewska & Dewey, 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Livingston, Colvert, et al. (2019) reported that high compensators demonstrated better executive functioning abilities than low compensators.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston, Colvert, et al., 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Self-reported camouflaging on a set of four items predicted suicidality after controlling for a range of additional factors”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cassidy et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four of these studies found no relationship between camouflaging and age, or age at diagnosis, using either internal-external discrepancy (Lai et al. 2017) or self-report measures (Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2019, Cassidy et al., 2018;Livingston et al. 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is camouflaging related to current age or age at diagnosis? Adults.
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Wood-Downie et al. (2020) reported a non-significant trend towards high 'compensatory camouflagers' demonstrating higher Full Scale IQ scores compared to low 'compensatory compensators'.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wood-Downie et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, significant evidence from eight of these ten studies supported a relationship between increased selfreported camouflaging and poorer mental health.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Hull, Petrides and Mandy (2021) found that fewer executive functioning difficulties predicted greater total self-report camouflaging on the CAT-Q.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Petrides and Mandy, 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Corbett et al. (2020) found no differences between high and low camouflagers on Verbal IQ or Performance IQ.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corbett et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“No evidence was found to support a relationship between camouflaging or compensation and age in autistic adolescents using either internal-external discrepancy approaches (Livingston, Colvert, et al., 2019) or self-report measures (Hull, Petrides, & Mandy, 2021;Jorgenson et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston, Colvert, et al., 2019
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Petrides, & Mandy, 2021
- Not checked yetcites Jorgenson et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“autistic adolescents (13-19 years) displayed higher parent-reported levels of masking than autistic children (5-12 years; Ormond et al., 2018).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ormond et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The one study using a self-report methodology with adolescents found no relationship between self-reported camouflaging on the CAT-Q and Full-Scale IQ (Hull, Petrides, & Mandy, 2021)”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Petrides, & Mandy, 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three studies using internal-external discrepancy and self-report approaches yielded some preliminary evidence supporting an association between camouflaging and poorer mental health in children and adolescents.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Corbett et al. (2020) found no differences between high and low compensators in terms of self-report trait or state anxiety.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corbett et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“while camouflaging was not associated with anxiety symptoms in either sex/gender.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“greater psychological distress (Beck et al., 2020)”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“there was no evidence that the relationship between selfreported camouflaging and mental health outcomes was moderated by gender (Hull, Levy, et al., 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Levy, et al., 2021
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“but it was not associated with a self-reported diagnosis of depression or an anxiety disorder (Cassidy et al., 2018).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cassidy et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“but not depressive symptoms (Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“greater self-reported camouflaging (i.e., higher Total CAT-Q scores) is associated with increased neuroticism (Robinson et al., 2020)”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Schuck et al. (2019) found no relationship between camouflaging scores and social anxiety symptoms for either sex/gender.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schuck et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Camouflaging in more environments or contexts was also associated with increased anxiety and stress”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2019 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“13 of the 19 self-report studies used the CAT-Q”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“However, low compensators demonstrated higher levels of observer-rated anxiety compared to high compensators.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corbett et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The multiple methods used to measure camouflaging in included studies broadly fell under two different approaches: internal-external discrepancy and self-report approaches.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified 29 studies quantifying camouflaging in children/adolescents and adults with autism diagnoses or high levels of autistic traits.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“greater self-reported camouflaging was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression in both autistic and non-autistic adolescents (Bernardin et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bernardin et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“emerging evidence suggests that adults with higher self-reported autistic traits report greater camouflaging efforts (Brown et al., 2020;Hull et al., 2019;Livingston et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Currently, there is a dearth of research investigating relationships between either internal-external discrepancy or self-report measures of camouflaging and measures of more established, theoretically related constructs”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“self-report and internal-external discrepancy methods have not been directly compared, to determine the extent to which these show concurrent validity in measuring the same underlying construct (Fombonne, 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fombonne, 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“there is some evidence to suggest this relationship is driven by autistic traits rather than the presence of diagnostic label per se (Livingston et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston et al., 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“across the lifespan, the majority of included studies found that autistic females and girls/women demonstrate higher levels of camouflaging than autistic males and boys/men”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex and gender differences were demonstrated using both selfreport and internal-external discrepancy measurement approaches.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While no study directly compared camouflaging efforts and observable social behaviours”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Having an autism diagnosis similarly appears to be associated with greater camouflaging efforts”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the description of the multiple components of sex and gender was largely absent in included studies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“to date, no studies have explored interactions between mental health difficulties, camouflaging intention and camouflaging efficacy.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A subset of included studies purposely recruited females or women or those without intellectual disability, to examine specific research questions (Beck et al., 2020;Brown et al., 2020;Lai et al., 2017Lai et al., , 2019;;Schuck et al., 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an association between observable camouflaging efficacy, measured via internal-external discrepancy approaches, and mental health difficulties was not consistently found for either autistic adults or children.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“one study found non-binary autistic people to engage in similar levels of camouflaging to autistic women (Perry et al., 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of the included studies were limited regarding their characterisation of participants.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“for autistic adults, higher self-reported camouflaging appeared to be associated with increased symptoms of mental ill health”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many studies failed to provide information regarding participants' IQ, educational attainment, social economic status, and race/ethnicity.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the remaining online questionnaire-based studies, individuals largely self-selected to participate by responding to adverts distributed via social media, autism organisations, or research databases.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(3) higher self-reported camouflaging is associated with increased mental health difficulties.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) autistic females and girls/women appear to demonstrate more camouflaging than autistic males and boys/men”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(1) adults with more self-reported autistic traits report greater engagement in camouflaging”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, given the focus on autistic females in these reviews, generalisability is limited.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Previous Reviews
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent discussions and commentaries highlight potential problems within the field including variations in operationalisations and measurement approaches, under-established validity and reliability across measures, and a lack of representativeness within study samples (Fombonne, 2020;Lai et al., 2020;Williams, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fombonne, 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Williams, 2021
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Currently, a lack of consensus exists regarding many of these associations.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fombonne, 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Williams, 2021
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent discussions and commentaries highlight potential problems within the field including variations in operationalisations and measurement approaches, under-established validity and reliability across measures, and a lack of representativeness within study samples (Fombonne, 2020;Lai et al., 2020;Williams, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fombonne, 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Williams, 2021
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This association was not maintained after accounting for autistic traits and education, suggesting that the relationship between camouflaging and autism diagnosis may be driven by autistic traits.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the sample was underpowered for non-binary people.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the sample was underpowered for females.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although it should be acknowledged that this study was only powered to detect large effects.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent evidence suggests that lab-based measures of social cognition may not ordinarily predict observable social behaviour in either autistic or non-autistic people (Morrison et al., 2020;Williams, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Morrison et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Williams, 2021
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“self-report measures are limited in measuring unconscious engagement in camouflaging (Lawson, 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lawson, 2020 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a camouflaging measure validated in a large sample of autistic and non-autistic adults (Hull et al., 2019;Williams, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull et al., 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Williams, 2021
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“self-report approaches measure selfperceived engagement in camouflaging independent of observable behavioural presentation (Hull et al., 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull et al., 2019 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“performance on a measure of social cognition alone is arguably a poor proxy for 'true' autistic status (Lai et al., 2017).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“several behaviours and strategies included on self-report measures appear to overlap with behaviours associated with more established constructs such as social anxiety/safety behaviours, impression management, and passing (Fombonne et al., 2020;Lai et al., 2020;Williams, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fombonne et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Williams, 2021
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“given the nascent stage of empirical research examining camouflaging, methods for measuring the phenomena are in their infancy.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the degree to which camouflaging behaviours and strategies, as measured in current self-report measures, represent a theoretically distinct phenomena, remains unclear.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the current systematic review, we were not able to aggregate data across studies via meta-analytic techniques, owing to differences both between and within measurement approaches.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the relationship between camouflaging and mental health difficulties may be more related to an individuals' belief that they need to camouflage their autism rather than their ability to do so.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“due to the cross-sectional nature of the current research base, a causal relationship between camouflaging and mental health difficulties cannot be inferred.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current evidence of camouflaging across the lifespan therefore involves samples differing on the key demographics of sex and gender, IQ, and age of diagnosis, which makes it difficult to draw inferences about the progression of camouflaging across different developmental stages.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“owing to a lack of research involving adequately powered samples of non-binary people, drawing conclusions about differences in camouflaging between binary and non-binary genders was not possible.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“given these sample demographics, the current camouflaging evidence base cannot be applied to the autistic community as a whole.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adult-focused research particularly is limited in generalisability regarding males and men, people of non-white ethnic groups or races, those diagnosed in childhood, those with lower educational attainment, and those with intellectual disabilities.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The homogenous nature of these self-selecting samples across studies may indicate that camouflaging is particularly central to the experience of late-diagnosed autistic females and women”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the lower rates of males and men in self-report studies may have also resulted in the under identification of camouflaging behaviours and strategies specifically used by these groups (Fombonne, 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fombonne, 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such autistic individuals who recognise autistic traits within themselves but do not meet or are yet to meet criteria for a clinical diagnosis, may be particularly adept at camouflaging their autistic traits (e.g.,Lai et al., 2017;Livingston, Shah, et al., 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Livingston, Shah, et al., 2019
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the substantial reliance on online questionnaires within camouflaging research likely means members of the autistic community who are less active online or for whom questionnaire-based methods present a barrier to participation (e.g., those with certain intellectual or language difficulties) have been systematically excluded”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Lai, et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Livingston et al., 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 56
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in Figure 1, after removal of duplicates, 2160 unique citations were screened for eligibility, of which 104 full-text articles were reviewed and 29 studies were identified as eligible for inclusion in the systematic review.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Overview of Included Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adults ranged in age from 16 to 82 with a mean age of 36.47 years.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,254Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three studies involving chiefly qualitative design were included because each included a quantitative measure of camouflaging (Cook et al., 2021;Hull et al., 2017;Livingston, Shah, & Happé et al., 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Overview of Included Studies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of studies (n = 23) involved solely quantitative methodologies and a further three used mixed methods designs (Cage et al., 2018;Jedrzejewska & Dewey, 2021;Livingston et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Overview of Included Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 23Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighteen of the included studies examined camouflaging in adults, and 11 examined camouflaging in children and adolescents.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Overview of Included Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 11Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of participants reported female sex or identified as womenfoot_0 (60.1%) and were formally diagnosed with autism (95.9%).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies were either open to individuals worldwide to participate (but conducted in English; n=9) or were restricted to individuals located in the UK (n=10), USA (n=8), Australia (n=1), or Poland (n=1).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Overview of Included Studies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 9Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were typically diagnosed in adulthood (M=32.98 years) across the seven studies reporting mean age at diagnosis.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Child/adolescent participants ranged in age from 5 to 18 years with a mean age of 11.90 years.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only four studies measured IQ and participants in these studies were of average to above average intelligence (Full Scale IQ, M=112.35).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nine adult studies and four child/adolescent studies used the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q; Hull et al., 2019).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 9Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants were of male sex or identified as boys 3 (62.9%)and were formally diagnosed with autism (94.7%).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost half of the participants in the one study reporting comorbidities had co-occurring diagnoses (40.7%).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Two studies used modified versions of the Girls Questionnaire for Autism Spectrum Conditions (GQ-ASC; Attwood et al., 2011).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Attwood et al., 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants were of male sex or identified as boys 3 (62.9%)and were formally diagnosed with autism (94.7%).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One additional study used a parent-report measure of masking.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the Camouflaging subscale was 𝜔= 0.67.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 672Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whilst yet to be validated for use with autistic adolescents, four studies using the CAT-Q involved adolescent samples (Bernadin et al. 2021;Hull, Petrides, & Mandy, 2021;Jedrzejewska & Dewey, 2021;Jorgenson et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Child and adolescent samples ranged from N=33 to N=236 with a total of 1077 children and adolescents with an autism diagnosis or high levels of autistic traits included across all studies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,077Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the Social Masking scale was α =.61.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean Full Scale IQ was in the average range (99.93).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in Table 3, three adult studies and six child/adolescent studies used internal-external discrepancy approaches.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Internal-External Discrepancy Approaches
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 3Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants in the two studies reporting ethnic group/race were white (75.8%).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“General anxiety (54.8%) and depression (53.1%) were common amongst participants in the five studies reporting cooccurring mental health conditions.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Participant Characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, results suggested that higher levels of self-reported camouflaging are associated with having an autism diagnosis or higher autistic traits in adult samples.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is Camouflaging Associated with having High Autistic Traits or an Autism Diagnosis?
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reported internal consistency for the questions was α=.75.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the set of camouflaging contexts was α=0.95.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Self-Report
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“gender was a suggestive predictor of camouflaging such that identifying as female or non-binary predicted higher Total CAT-Q scores.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 2021
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“compared to autistic males, autistic females reported camouflaging across more situations, more frequently and for more of the time (Cassidy et al., 2018).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are there sex or gender differences in camouflaging behaviours?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cassidy et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Livingston, Colvert, et al. (2019) found high compensators demonstrated significantly higher Full Scale IQ and Verbal IQ (but not Non-Verbal IQ) scores than low compensators.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston, Colvert, et al., 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lai et al. (2017) suggested that higher camouflaging scores may be associated with better executive functioning abilities for autistic women but not autistic men.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Are particular cognitive abilities or processes associated with camouflaging?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2017 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Spontaneously reported camouflaging (in text responses to questions about autism acceptance and mental health) was associated with higher depression, but not anxiety or stress scores (Cage et al., 2018).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cage et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“older age suggestively predicted lower total CAT-Q scores while older age at diagnosis suggestively predicted higher total CAT-Q scores (Perry et al., 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Is camouflaging related to current age or age at diagnosis? Adults.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 2021
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lai et al. (2017) found that higher camouflaging scores were associated with greater depressive symptoms in men but not women”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“increased social anxiety, general anxiety, and depressive symptoms (Hull et al., 2019;Hull, Levy, et al., 2021)”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull et al., 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Levy, et al., 2021
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Livingston, Colvert, et al. (2019) reported that high compensators demonstrated high self-report (but not parent-report) anxiety compared to low compensators.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Children and Adolescents.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston, Colvert, et al., 2019
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“decreased well-being (Hull et al., 2019; although see Perry et al., 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > What is the relationship between camouflaging and mental health and wellbeing outcomes?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull et al., 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 2021
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining included studies found null results and no study found the converse effect of higher camouflaging in males or boys/men.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“preliminary findings from two included studies suggest that experiences of stigma and not feeling accepted play a role (Cage et al., 2018;Perry et al., 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cage et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites Perry et al., 2021
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the consistent documentation of camouflaging in autistic males and boys/men also shows that camouflaging is not specific to females and girls/women (Lai et al., 2017;Hull, Lai, et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Hull, Lai, et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a more nuanced understanding of sex and gender differences in camouflaging is currently lacking, owing in part to included studies largely failing to provide a comprehensive characterisation of participants' gender identity via the description of the multiple components of sex and gender.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the remaining two studies it was unclear if the measurement of sex/gender reported referred to sex or gender.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is the first review to systematically appraise and synthesise the current evidence base pertaining to autistic camouflaging in children and adults of all sexes and genders.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one study it was unclear if measurement of sex/gender reported referred to sex or gender.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In describing sex and gender or participants, child studies reported sex only (n = 6); what was termed sex/gender by authors (n = 2); and gender only (n = 2).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 6Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In describing sex and gender of participants, adult studies reported: gender only (n = 8); sex and gender (n = 3); sex only (n = 2).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 8Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dean et al. (2017) This study quantitatively compared playground activities (type of activity and time spent in activity) between autistic and non-autistic boys and girls.Qualitive data was provided describing camouflaging behaviours.Thus, this study did not present quantitative data measuring camouflaging.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dean et al. (2017) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bargiela et al. (2016) Presented only qualitative data regarding camouflaging in late diagnosed women.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bargiela et al. (2016) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“99.93”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Head et al. (2014)The authors compared autistic and non-autistic children's scores on a self-report measure of friendship quality, understanding, and empathy.Thus, this study did not report quantitative data measuring camouflaging.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Head et al. (2014) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“40.7 Co-morbid diagnosis”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“53.1 Depression”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Lehnhardt et al. (2016) The authors compared differences in cognitive, executive functioning, and mentalising abilities between late diagnosed autistic men and women.The authors discussed these abilities as potentially enabling camouflaging.Thus, this study presented data on abilities that may be associated with camouflaging rather than camouflaging per se.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lehnhardt et al. (2016) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“11.90”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“36.47 32.98”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Tierney et al., (2016) Presented only qualitative data regarding camouflaging in autistic girls.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tierney et al. (2016) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cook et al. (2018) Presented only qualitative data regarding masking in autistic girls and their mothers.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cook et al. (2018)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“112.35”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent discussions and commentaries highlight potential problems within the field including variations in operationalisations and measurement approaches, under-established validity and reliability across measures, and a lack of representativeness within study samples (Fombonne, 2020;Lai et al., 2020;Williams, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fombonne, 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Williams, 2021
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review protocol was registered online with PROSPERO, the international prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number: CRD42019141410).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT; Hong et al., 2018).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hong et al., 2018 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reviewers did not assess studies for which they were also authors, with the exception of one study (Cook, Crane, Bourne et al., 2021) on which all four reviewers were authors.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The most current version of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for conducting systematic reviews was followed throughout the review process (Page et al., 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Page et al., 2021 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our review proceeded as planned except that one research question (”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each author independently extracted data for ≈25% of included studies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Data Extraction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each author then cross-checked data for a separate ≈25% of included studies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Data Extraction
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each study was independently rated by two reviewers (i.e., either JC and LC or WM and LH).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Quality Assessment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After exclusion of research according to these broad criteria, the full texts of remaining publications were evaluated for inclusion independently by JC and LH.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“camouflaging likely involves both the conscious and unconscious employment of behavioural and cognitive strategies.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“given that the ADOS was developed using predominately white, male samples, scores on this measure may reflect, at least in part, the degree to which an individual's behavioural presentation ordinarily deviates from the stereotypically male autistic presentation, rather than the degree to which an individual's behavioural presentation is changed via camouflaging (Pearson & Rose, 2021).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pearson & Rose, 2021 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“self-report methodologies could be conceptualised as measuring camouflaging attempts, efforts, or intentions”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the CAT-Q showed potential as measure of self-perceived camouflaging, demonstrating sound internal consistency and test-retest reliability and performing generally as expected when tested in relation to gender, autistic traits, and mental health and wellbeing”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the relationship between greater self-report levels of autistic traits and improved performance on measures of social communication may be driven by social insight or reasoning as opposed to camouflaging (Livingston et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Livingston et al., 2020 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“internal-external discrepancy methods may capture the extent to which these behaviours and strategies (as well as behaviours and strategies operating outside of conscious awareness) translate into observable social behaviour, and we label this 'camouflaging efficacy'.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It is likely that internal-external discrepancy and self-report approaches measure distinct but potentially converging elements of camouflaging (Lai et al., 2020).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lai et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-report methodologies may measure the extent to which individuals consciously employ camouflaging behaviours and strategies, and we label this 'camouflaging intent'.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging and Autism: Current Measurement Approaches
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these findings provide preliminary evidence that compared to autistic males and boys/men, autistic females and girls/women appear to consciously engage in more camouflaging, with more noticeable effects.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the current evidence base appears to support suggestions that camouflaging is more associated with the experiences of autistic females and girls/ women, and may partially explain increased rates of missed or late diagnosis found amongst them”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“given the effect sizes were often small-to-moderate for sex and gender differences, the real-life camouflaging experiences of these groups may be broadly similar.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“given the high rates of co-occurring mental health difficulties found amongst autistic adults (Lever & Geurst, 2016).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Research into Camouflaging in Autism: Current Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lever & Geurst, 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some members of real-world autistic communities are self-identified or self-diagnosed(Sarrett, 2016).”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Publication
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sarrett, 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the evidence base was limited regarding participant characterisation and representativeness, suggesting that conclusions cannot be applied to the autistic community as a whole.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our search may not have been exhaustive.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Limitation of the current systematic review
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the review did not involve participatory design and thus is limited by a lack of autistic input.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Limitation of the current systematic review
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whilst our familiarity with the topic likely improved our ability to draw conclusions about and identify limitations within the evidence base, it may have increased the risk of bias.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Limitation of the current systematic review
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we acknowledge that we are embedded within the camouflaging field and that this may have had an impact on the review.”
§ Running Head: CAMOUFLAGING IN AUTISM 1 Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review > Limitation of the current systematic review
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“An important nuance to make here, is that although some autistic people show less involvement in social interaction, this might not necessarily be the result of lower social motivation, but rather it may be a consequence of exhaustion from trying to emulate a typical non-autistic style of interaction, known sometimes as camouflaging (e.g., Cook et al., 2021; Livingston et al., 2019).”
From Innovations of the ICD-11 in the Field of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychological Approach (2022) · cites this paper as Cook et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, many Autistic adults report negative subjective outcomes as a result of having to meet inappropriate and unrealistic benchmarks, such as feeling they have to “pass” as neurotypical and mask or “camouflage” their Autistic behaviors (Bargiela et al., 2016; Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2019; Cook et al., 2021; Hull et al., 2017; Livingston et al., 2019).”
From Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework (2022) · cites this paper as Cook et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is also a sex difference in performance, as females with ASD perform better in interpersonal predictive tasks, suggesting better social and cognitive profile in females with ASD without intellectual disability that potentially may play a role in social camouflaging (Cook et al., 2021; Dean et al., 2017).”
From Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review. (2025) · cites this paper as Cook et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Camouflaging is commonly described by autistic people as exhausting and is associated with elevated risk for anxiety, depression and suicidality”
From Innovations of the ICD-11 in the Field of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychological Approach (2022) · cites this paper as Cook et al., 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such camouflaging requires sustained effort, is more typical of females (although it is common in all genders), and can have deleterious impact on mental health and well-being (Cook et al., 2021).”
From Innovations of the ICD-11 in the Field of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Psychological Approach (2022) · cites this paper as Cook et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Discussions about the validity and conceptual clarity of the so-called female (autism) phenotype106,309,310, camouflaging109,311–315 and female protective effect226,316 are ongoing.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [312]
Citations
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Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews.
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The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers
Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., et al. (2018) · Education for Information · doi:10.3233/efi-180221 · Cited by 4,737
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, the
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Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., & Moher, D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003 · Cited by 3,490
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f · Cited by 3,399
Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community
Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckley, C., Povey, C., & Pellicano, E. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315588200 · Cited by 1,941
“Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions
Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M.-C., & Mandy, W. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 · Cited by 1,365
Self-citationAvoiding Ableist Language: Suggestions for Autism Researchers
Bottema-Beutel, K., Kapp, S. K., Lester, J. N., Sasson, N. J., & Hand, B. N. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0014 · Cited by 1,251
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 86 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Gould, 2006, Missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis? Girls and women on the autism spectrum, Good Autism Practice (GAP), 12, 34
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions
Bölte, S., Neufeld, J., Marschik, P. B., Williams, Z. J., Gallagher, L., & Lai, M.-C. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00774-6 · Cited by 249
A capabilities approach to understanding and supporting autistic adulthood
Pellicano, E., Fatima, U., Hall, G., Heyworth, M., Lawson, W., Lilley, R., Mahony, J., & Stears, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00099-z · Cited by 237
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnostic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Features
Napolitano, A., Schiavi, S., Rosa, P. L., Rossi‐Espagnet, M. C., Petrillo, S., Bottino, F., Tagliente, E., Longo, D., Lupi, E., Casula, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889636 · Cited by 286
Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome.
Gravholt, C. H., Andersen, N. H., Christin-Maitre, S., Davis, S. M., Duijnhouwer, A., Gawlik, A., Maciel-Guerra, A. T., Gutmark-Little, I., Fleischer, K., Hong, D., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae050 · Cited by 224
Schuck, R. K., Tagavi, D. M., Baiden, K. M. P., Dwyer, P., Williams, Z. J., Osuna, A., Ferguson, E. F., Jimenez Muñoz, M., Poyser, S. K., Johnson, J. F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05316-x · Cited by 208
Metadata
- Authors
- Cook, J., Hull, L., Crane, L., & Mandy, W.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cook, Julia
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 89
- Pages
- 102080
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3198172085
- Cited by
- 554
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 157 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 9.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University College London
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autistic traits, coping strategies, sex and gender differences, mental health outcomes, children and adults with autism
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Humans, Sex Factors, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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