Brief report: Sex/gender differences in symptomology and camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum disorder
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more prevalent in males than females. Previous research indicates females camouflage ASD symptoms more than males, potentially contributing to the difference in prevalence. This study investigated sex/gender differences in behavioral phenotypes in 17 males and 11 females with ASD, as well camouflaging in ASD, in an attempt to partially replicate findings from Lai et al. (Autism 21(6):690-702, 2017). Overall ASD symptoms were measured by the autism spectrum quotient (AQ). Mean AQ in females with ASD was higher than males with ASD, with the difference approaching statistical significance. Camouflaging was found to be more common in females with ASD, and not associated to social phobia. Furthermore, camouflaging correlated negatively with emotional expressivity in females, but not males, with ASD. These findings strengthen previous findings regarding camouflaging being more common in females and add to the literature on how camouflaging may be different in females versus males.
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Emerging quantitative research examining associations between camouflaging and anxiety have yielded inconsistent results.
“Emerging quantitative research examining associations between camouflaging and anxiety (e.g. Cage & Troxell-Whitman, 2019; Lai et al., 2017; Schuck et al., 2019) have yielded inconsistent results.”
From Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study (2021) · cites this paper as Schuck et al., 2019
Two internal-external discrepancy studies found that autistic women had higher camouflaging scores than autistic men.
“The two studies investigating what they termed sex/gender differences using the internalexternal discrepancy approach found that autistic women demonstrated higher camouflaging scores than autistic men (Lai et al., 2017;Schuck, et al., 2019).”
From Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Schuck, et al., 2019
One adult study found no relationship between camouflaging and executive functioning.
“Schuck et al. (2019) found no relationship between camouflaging and executive functioning”
From Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Schuck et al., 2019
No relationship was found between camouflaging scores and social anxiety symptoms for either sex or gender.
“Schuck et al. (2019) found no relationship between camouflaging scores and social anxiety symptoms for either sex/gender.”
From Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Schuck et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Schuck, R. K., Flores, R. E., & Fung, L. K.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fung, Lawrence K.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2019-04-03
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2597-2604
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC6753236
- OpenAlex
- W2929474056
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 10.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH111750)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, gender differences, camouflaging, Autism Spectrum Quotient, emotional expressivity, social anxiety disorder, behavioral phenotypes
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Prevalence
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