Co-hydrothermal carbonization of polystyrene waste and maize stover combined with KOH activation to develop nanoporous carbon as catalyst support for catalytic hydrotreating of palm oil
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Plastic waste is massively generated daily from households, mainly as packaging material, causing serious surrounding ecological problems. The development of plastic waste for higher value-added applications instead of landfilling and incineration has received consideration interest in bioenergy and material science research. Herein, a nanoporous carbon support of nickel phosphide catalyst for palm oil hydrotreating was developed from blended polystyrene waste and maize stover via the Co-hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) coupled with the KOH activation process. The Co-HTC parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, and PS percentage, were studied on the properties of co-hydrochar feedstocks for further activation using the Box behnken design. From the comprehensive characterization results, response surface methodology (RSM) results showed that the rising polystyrene proportion significantly exhibited the higher production yield and fixed carbon of co-hydrochar products, an essential characteristic for porous carbon manufacturing. After activation step, the final nanoporous carbon derived from the co-hydrochar (PMPC) exhibited the highest specific surface area of 1033.58 m2/g with total pore volume of 0.45 cm3/g. Moreover, the PCMC-supported nickel phosphide catalysts were successfully synthesized and tested for the catalytic hydrotreating of palm oil as alternative catalyst. The NiP-PMPC catalyst represents an impressive liquid hydrocarbon yield of 74.68 % with a high green diesel selectivity of 85.92 % at 100 % palm oil conversion. The findings of this study might help develop and utilize blended plastic waste and agricultural waste as an alternate catalytic support for various processes in biofuel and biochemical synthesis.
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Kaewtrakulchai et al. used co-hydrothermal carbonization-activation with polystyrene packaging waste and corn stover at 350 °C for 5 h with 30% polystyrene, producing a nanoporous carbon support (PMPC) with specific surface area 1,033.58 m2/g and pore volume 0.45 cm3/g; after nickel phosphide loading it showed excellent green diesel selectivity in palm oil hydroprocessing.
“Kaewtrakulchai et al. [35] employed a co-hydrothermal carbonization-activation synergistic strategy to treat polystyrene packaging waste, thus making an innovative contribution to the field.The material was subjected to a reaction with corn stover at 350 °C for a duration of 5 h, utilizing a blend ratio of 30% polystyrene.This process resulted in the conversion of the material into a nanoporous”
From Functional carbon materials from waste plastics: synthesis and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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Gutiérrez‐Antonio, C. (2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837675616-00001
Upgrading Bio-oil Quality via Pressurized Air Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Wannapeera, J., Hinsui, T., Jadsadajerm, S., & Liplap, P. (2025) · Journal of Sustainability Research · doi:10.20900/jsr20250066
Self-citationPeanut shell-anchored silver nanoparticles; Green synthesis, and catalytic applications
khamis, R., Abdel-Monem, Y. K., Eisa, W. H., & Maize, M. S. (2026) · Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41204-026-00572-7
Rathika, K., & Yadav, B. R. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109747
- Authors
- Kaewtrakulchai, N., Chanpee, S., Jadsadajerm, S., Wongrerkdee, S., Manatura, K., & Eiad-Ua, A.
- Affiliations
- Kasetsart University (TH)
- King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (TH)
- King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (TH)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Carbon Resources Conversion
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 100231
- ISSN
- 2588-9133 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4391888122
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Carbon Resources Conversion (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Thailand Science Research and Innovation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Keywords
- co-hydrothermal carbonization, polystyrene waste, corn stover, KOH activation, nanoporous carbon, catalyst supports, nickel phosphide catalysts, renewable diesel, plastic waste valorization, agricultural waste, hydrochar, specific surface area
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