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Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Children and adolescents with Crohn's disease (CD) present often with a more complicated disease course compared to adult patients. In addition, the potential impact of CD on growth, pubertal and emotional development of patients underlines the need for a specific management strategy of pediatric-onset CD. To develop the first evidenced based and consensus driven guidelines for pediatric-onset CD an expert panel of 33 IBD specialists was formed after an open call within the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation and the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterolog, Hepatology and Nutrition. The aim was to base on a thorough review of existing evidence a state of the art guidance on the medical treatment and long term management of children and adolescents with CD, with individualized treatment algorithms based on a benefit-risk analysis according to different clinical scenarios. In children and adolescents who did not have finished their growth, exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is the induction therapy of first choice due to its excellent safety profile, preferable over corticosteroids, which are equipotential to induce remission. The majority of patients with pediatric-onset CD require immunomodulator based maintenance therapy. The experts discuss several factors potentially predictive for poor disease outcome (such as severe perianal fistulizing disease, severe stricturing/penetrating disease, severe growth retardation, panenteric disease, persistent severe disease despite adequate induction therapy), which may incite to an anti-TNF-based top down approach. These guidelines are intended to give practical (whenever possible evidence-based) answers to (pediatric) gastroenterologists who take care of children and adolescents with CD; they are not meant to be a rule or legal standard, since many different clinical scenario exist requiring treatment strategies not covered by or different from these guidelines.
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“This interest and use of CAM is common in pediatric IBD, despite being limited evidence for the role of diet and other types of CAMs in inducing and maintaining disease remission in IBD (excluding exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn’s disease) [22,23,24].”
From Online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Nutrition Workshop for Parents of Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Initial Effectiveness. (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Items 601–700 of 999
Prognostic Factors of Biologic Therapy in Pediatric IBD
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“In addition to general clinical symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss, children with CD exhibit growth retardation and delayed puberty [24,25].”
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“Most of the patients treated with infliximab in our cohort received combination therapy with an immunomodulator, as suggested by prior guidelines (25,30), while such strategy was significantly less common in patients treated with adalimumab, given data showing limited efficacy, including from our center (31).”
ResultLecoutour, A., Dupont, C., Caldari, D., Dumant, C., Vanrenterghem, A., Ruiz, M., Duclaux‐Loras, R., Berthet, S., Dimitrov, G., Lacroix, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpn3.12044 · Cited by 6
Surgical management of pediatric Crohn's disease
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Bhalla, A., Shahi, A., Maity, M., Safa, F., Srividya, V., Clementina, R., Anugu, G. R., & Younas, S. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.78462 · Cited by 6
“ECCO-ESPGHAN guidelines also recommend considering anti-TNF therapy for maintenance and induction of remission in patients with delayed growth or severe disease presentations [65].”
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Davis‐Kankanamge, C., Bercaw‐Pratt, J. L., Santos, X. M., & Dietrich, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2016.04.002 · Cited by 6
Lund, K., Larsen, M. D., Knudsen, T., Kjeldsen, J., Nielsen, R. G., & Nørgård, B. M. (2020) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa188 · Cited by 6
Chan, K. J., Song, Z. L., Chew, K. S., Ng, R. T., Mohd-Taib, S. H., & Lee, W. S. (2020) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.15184 · Cited by 6
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Socha‐Banasiak, A., Sputa-Grzegrzółka, P., Grzegrzółka, J., Pacześ, K., Dzięgiel, P., Sordyl, B., Romanowicz, H., & Czkwianianc, E. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2021/6665697 · Cited by 8
Harris, R. E., Hegde, V., Curtis, L., Garrick, V., Gervais, L., Armstrong, L., Delahunty, C., Eccleston, A., Hourani, G. A., Flynn, D. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003197 · Cited by 6
“Thiopurine prescribing practice was in line with ECCO/European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition paediatric guidelines in use at the time of prescribing (7,24).”
ResultD’Arcangelo, G., Abi‐Nader, E., Charbit‐Henrion, F., Talbotec, C., Goulet, O., Ruemmele, F. M., & Pigneur, B. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003301 · Cited by 6
“In 2014, the European Crohn’s Colitis Organization (ECCO) and the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) published their first consensus guidelines on the medical management of pediatric CD (4).”
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Methotrexate for Primary Maintenance Therapy in Mild‐to‐Moderate Crohn Disease in Children
Baldwin, K. R., Goldfarb, A., Brimacombe, M. B., Hopkins, D., & Hyams, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003543 · Cited by 6
“This practice shift, particularly in North America, has been supported by very limited data (2).”
BackgroundIncorporating Nutrition-Based Strategies into IBD Treatment
Magavi, P. R., Beeken, L., Matro, R., Ally, M., Ferrari, M. J., & Konijeti, G. G. (2022) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-022-00851-8 · Cited by 6
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“Cross-sectional imaging is a useful tool for differentiating CMUSE from SBCD and GITB [19, 21].”
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Dipasquale, V., & Romano, C. (2017) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2018.1391091 · Cited by 6
Differentiation of Colonic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Dhaliwal, J., Siddiqui, I. F. S., Muir, J., Rinawi, F., Church, P. C., Walters, T. D., & Griffiths, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002544 · Cited by 6
“Mislabelling early on has implications when treatment differs, for example, with respect to efficacy of 5-ASA maintenance in UC but not CD (4,5), or of methotrexate in CD but not UC (5).”
BackgroundHarris, R. E., Duncan, H., Buchanan, E., Cardigan, T., Garrick, V., Curtis, L., Gervais, L., Barclay, A., Haddock, G., Hansen, R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002595 · Cited by 6
Krzesiek, E., Nienartowicz, E., & Iwańczak, B. M. (2020) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.advms.2020.01.005 · Cited by 6
Safety of Thiopurine Use in Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disease
Miele, E., Benninga, M. A., Broekaert, I. J., Dolinšek, J., Mas, E., Orel, R., Pienar, C., Ribes‐Koninckx, C., Thomassen, R. A., Thomson, M. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002802 · Cited by 7
“A therapeutic effect is usually evident after 8 to 14 weeks of treatment (9).”
BackgroundClinical Criteria Can Identify Children With Osteopenia in Newly Diagnosed Crohn Disease
Ronel, N., Tzion, R. L., Orlanski‐Meyer, E., Shteyer, E., Guz‐Mark, A., Assa, A., Strich, D., Turner, D., & Ledder, O. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002911 · Cited by 6
de Laffolie, J., Schwerd, T., Simon, A., Pauli, M., Broekaert, I. J., Claßen, M., Posovszky, C., Choudhury, A. R., & der GPGE, I. N. U. A. D. A. C. U. A. E. U. D. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/a-1199-6751 · Cited by 6
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“Moreover, studies have shown that patients diagnosed with CD in childhood typically present with more complicated and extensive disease course when compared to patients diagnosed in adulthood [7].”
BackgroundFang, S., Song, Y., Zhang, C., & Wang, L.-B. (2021) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-021-00486-1 · Cited by 6
“First, as 5-ASA has been recommended as the first-line therapy for the induction and maintenance of mild-to-moderate UC [29] and could be used for induction of remission with mild colonic inflammation in CD [30], hence 5-ASA was quite widely used in pediatric”
MethodRisk Factors for Surgery in Pediatric Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Shentova-Eneva, R., Kofinova, D., Hadzhiyski, P., Ivanova‐Todorova, E., Yaneva, P., Lazarova, E., & Baycheva, M. (2022) · Medical Principles and Practice · doi:10.1159/000522256 · Cited by 6
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Acute pancreatitis associated with indigo naturalis in pediatric severe Crohn’s disease
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Pulmonary Function in Paediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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“However, The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) did not consider pulmonary involvement to be a feature of paediatric IBD that warrants regular investigation [11].”
BackgroundKim, E. S., Choi, S., Choe, B., Park, S., Lee, Y. J., Sohn, S. J., Kim, S. C., Kang, K. S., Lee, K. S., Shim, J. O., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1284181 · Cited by 5
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Limketkai, B. N., Yang, J., Chau, L. W., Noorian, S., & Li, Z. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.08.015 · Cited by 5
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“EEN, using formula as the sole nutrient source, is an established induction therapy for pediatric CD and achieves mucosal healing comparable or superior to corticosteroids [80, 81].”
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“For example, exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has emerged as the favoured initial approach for children being treated for CD. Remission rates of up to 80% have been reported, 20 but there is a dearth of rigorous trials in UC.”
BackgroundLong-Term Outcomes After Primary Bowel Resection in Pediatric-Onset Crohn’s Disease
Rinawi, F., Zevit, N., Eliakim, R., Niv, Y., Shamir, R., & Assa, A. (2017) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izx030 · Cited by 5
Acute pancreatitis and azathioprine in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease
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“for the treatment of pediatric CD [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialOpportunities to Target T Cell Trafficking in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Giannoudaki, E., Gargan, S., Hussey, S., Long, A., & Walsh, P. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.640497 · Cited by 5
“” These approaches include immunomodulatory drugs, such as azathioprine and methotrexate (MTX), as well as biologics, mainly TNF-α inhibitors, and most commonly infliximab and adalimumab (113).”
BackgroundChoi, S. Y., Choi, S., Kang, B., Choe, B., Lee, Y. J., Kim, J. Y., Kim, Y. B., Kim, J. Y., Lee, K. S., Lee, Y. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e279 · Cited by 5
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Nutrition in inflammatory bowel diseases; Is there a role?
Kaliora, A. C. (2023) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101827 · Cited by 6
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Kono-S anastomosis in Crohn’s disease: initial experience in pediatric patients
Dotlačil, V., Lerchová, T., Lengalova, M., Kučerová, B., Schwarz, J., Hradský, O., Rygl, M., & Škába, R. (2024) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-024-05648-6 · Cited by 5
“All patients were diagnosed with CD based on the revised Porto criteria [18] and were treated according to currently valid European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO)/European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines [19, 20].”
Systematic review of interventions for dietary adherence in pediatric disease management
Towner, E., Gibbs, H., Hu, E., & Patton, S. R. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsae109 · Cited by 5
Thalidomide induces mucosal healing in postoperative Crohn disease endoscopic recurrence
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“The goal of therapy is to induce remission, maintain remission, and improve quality of life [4].”
BackgroundPearls and Pitfalls in MR Enterography Interpretation for Pediatric Patients
Harrington, S., Johnson, M., Greer, M. E., & Gee, M. S. (2020) · Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI · doi:10.1053/j.sult.2020.05.011 · Cited by 5
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“The treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of the induction and maintenance remission of the disease, aimed at the healing of mucosa and improving intestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations(5-7) as low bone mineral density, growth deficit, pubertal delay, and anemia.”
BackgroundBąk-Drabik, K. K., Adamczyk, P., Duda-Wrońska, J., Dąbrowska-Piechota, D., Jarzumbek, A., & Kwiecień, J. (2021) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2021/9970019 · Cited by 5
“It is recommended to keep 6-TGN levels between 250 and 450pmol to maintain remission in inflammatory bowel disease [8, 9, 18, 19].”
BackgroundMethodDecision making about anti-TNF therapy: A pilot trial of a shared decision-making intervention
Lipstein, E. A., Brinkman, W. B., Zhang, Y., Hommel, K. A., Ittenbach, R. F., Liu, C., & Denson, L. A. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.09.030 · Cited by 6
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Shao, S., Huang, M., Zhang, H., Peng, G., Song, M., Liu, J., & Xu, D. (2022) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s353329 · Cited by 5
“In addition to medicine and surgery, enteral nutrition support is also crucial for CD patients, especially for patients with malnutrition or for the management of pediatric CD. 33 In the current study, 23.4% of CD patients and 4.7% of UC patients received enteral nutrition support.”
BackgroundInfluentialMetabolic changes during exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn’s disease patients
Júnior, J. G. M., Schwerd, T., Bufler, P., Koletzko, S., & Koletzko, B. V. (2022) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-022-01953-0 · Cited by 5
Ardizzone, S., Armuzzi, A., Caprioli, F., Castiglione, F., Danese, S., Daperno, M., Fantini, M. C., Fries, W., Principi, M., Savarino, E. V., et al. (2023) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2023.09.003 · Cited by 5
Inducing remission in paediatric Crohn’s disease using nutritional therapies – A systematic review
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Young, W., Jester, T., Stoll, M. L., & Ízcue, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-79026-8_19 · Cited by 5
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Azulay, A., Gotesdyner, L., Aharoni-Frutkoff, Y., Focht, G., Talmor, Y., Borenstein, E., Плоткин, Л. Л., Orlanski‐Meyer, E., Lev‐Tzion, R., Ledder, O., et al. (2026) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izag060 · Cited by 6
From signals to systems: the epigenetic-microbiome-mitochondrial axis in IBD pathogenesis
Kazemifard, N., Shahrokh, S., Dimitrov, G., Totonchi, M., & Dimitrov, S. I. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2692755 · Cited by 4
“152 Polyphenols, bioactive compounds found in plant-based foods such as berries, green tea, and turmeric have been shown to modulate both microbial composition and host epigenetic marks.”
Olteanu, A. O., Klimko, A., Țieranu, E. N., Bota, A. D., Preda, C. M., Ţieranu, I., Pavel, C. J. V., Pahomeanu, M. R., Toma, C. V., Săftoiu, A., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12112434 · Cited by 4
“The ECCO/ESPGHAN consensus guidelines recommend thalidomide as an alternative for patients who do not tolerate or lose response to anti-TNF agents [46].”
Novel approach to assess sarcopenia in children with inflammatory bowel disease
Boros, K. K., Veres, G., Pintér, H. K., Richter, É., Cseh, Á., Dezsőfi, A., Arató, A., Reusz, G., Dohos, D., Müller, K. E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1204639 · Cited by 4
Madaffari, I., Muttillo, E. M., Franca, A. L., Massimi, F., Castagnola, G., Coppola, A., Furio, S., Piccirillo, M., Ferretti, A., Mennini, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14020404 · Cited by 4
“The main treatment goals in pediatric patients are as follows: reduce symptoms, optimize growth, and improve quality of life while minimizing drug toxicity [7].”
Deissová, T., Tukmachi, D. A., Radová, L., Bohošová, J., Macháčková, T., Křen, L., Hrunka, M., Pinkasová, T., Ambrozová, M., Šáňa, J., et al. (2025) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izaf120 · Cited by 4
Navas‐López, V. M., Muncunill, G. P., Llerena, E., Navalón-Rubio, M., Gil, D., Varea-Calderón, V., Salinas, C. S., & de Carpi, J. M. (2017) · Anales de Pediatría · doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2017.01.013 · Cited by 4
Day, A. S., & Brown, S. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00199 · Cited by 4
“Consequently, EEN is now recommended as the first line management for active IBD in consensus statements (11, 12) and used in many pediatric centers in this manner.”
BackgroundMoses, J., Sandberg, K., Winberry, G. B., Riera, D. C., Delozier, S., Gupta, S. K., Reilly, N. R., Park, K. T., & Picoraro, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003100 · Cited by 4
Chen, A., Stein, R., Baldassano, R. N., & Huang, J. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003370 · Cited by 6
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“Hence, there is considerable interest in the development of novel pharmaceutical agents to treat fistulizing CD. Previous studies have shown a positive effect of medical therapy on fistulizing CD.8,9 The management of fistulizing CD has two objectives: to induce fistula tract remission and to control infection.”
ResultInfluentialCong, J., Wang, P., Gai, H., Zhou, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, T. (2023) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12453-z · Cited by 4
Rasmussen, J., Nørgård, B. M., Nielsen, R. G., Bøggild, H., Qvist, N., Brund, R. B. K., Bruun, N. H., & Fonager, K. (2023) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izad157 · Cited by 4
Stercel, V., Lóczi, L., Kadenczki, O., Nemes, É., Nagy, B., Hodossy-Takács, R., Szabó, A. Á., Fagyas, M., Kappelmayer, J., Szabó, T. G., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257072 · Cited by 4
Chen, B., Zou, Z., Zhang, X., Xiao, D., & Li, X. (2023) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-023-03613-1 · Cited by 4
“It is also recommended by the European consensus guidelines for the treatment of long-term active intestinal diseases in children [14].”
BackgroundWang, J., Tang, Z., Li, J., Yin, A., Xu, Y., Zou, L., Ren, H., Kang, J., Su, J., Zhou, Q., et al. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000759 · Cited by 4
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Russell, R. K., Fagbemi, A. A., Benyacoub, J., CAPOBIANCO, M., Wells, L. E., Shergill-Bonner, R., Sharma, P., & Patel, M. (2025) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2025.2488887 · Cited by 4
“…inclusion of nutritional treat-ment in the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN)/ European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) guidelines for the medical management of pediatric CD initially in 2014 and reinforced in the subsequent revision [7,8].”
Exclusive and Partial Enteral Nutrition in Crohn’s Disease
Urlep, D., Benedik, E., & Orel, R. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72734 · Cited by 3
“If EEN is not tolerated orally, a nasogastric tube may be used [6].”
InfluentialOuldali, N., Hugot, J., Viala, J., Mohamed, D., Martinez‐Vinson, C., & Meinzer, U. (2018) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izy137 · Cited by 4
Shcherbakova, O. V., Poddoubnyi, I. V., & Kozlov, M. Y. (2017) · Koloproktologia · doi:10.33878/2073-7556-2017-0-4-88-98 · Cited by 4
Liu, J., Andrews, J. M., Sammour, T., Bryant, R. V., Grafton, R., Simpson, E., Putrus, E., & Nixon, C. (2019) · Crohn s & Colitis 360 · doi:10.1093/crocol/otz044 · Cited by 4
Ashton, J. J., Green, Z., & Beattie, R. M. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.034 · Cited by 4
The Mediterranean Diet in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
Kataria, R. D., & Pickett‐Blakely, O. (2020) · Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s11938-020-00318-7 · Cited by 4
Integration of eHealth Into Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care is Safe
Carlsen, K., Frederiksen, N. W., & Wewer, V. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003053 · Cited by 4
Lehtomäki, J., Nikkonen, A., Merras‐Salmio, L., Hiltunen, P., & Kolho, K. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2021.1977843 · Cited by 4
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Linear growth and bone metabolism in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Ferreira, P. V. D. A. L. S., Cavalcanti, A., & da Silva, G. A. P. (2019) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2019.02.006 · Cited by 4
Neville, J. J., Beattie, R. M., & Stanton, M. P. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.10.029 · Cited by 4
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ruemmele, F. M., Veres, G., Kolho, K. L., Griffiths, A., Levine, A., Escher, J. C., Amil Dias, J., Barabino, A., Braegger, C. P., Bronsky, J., Buderus, S., Martín-de-Carpi, J., De Ridder, L., Fagerberg, U. L., Hugot, J. P., Kierkus, J., Kolacek, S., Koletzko, S., Lionetti, P., Miele, E., Navas López, V. M., Paerregaard, A., Russell, R. K., Serban, D. E., Shaoul, R., Van Rheenen, P., Veereman, G., Weiss, B., Wilson, D., Dignass, A., Eliakim, A., Winter, H., & Turner, D.
- Affiliations
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (FR)
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Unit of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital S. João, A Hernani Monteiro, 4202-451, Porto, Portugal
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini (IT)
- University Children's Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- St. Marien-Hospital Bonn (DE)
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterolgoy, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Paseo Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité (FR)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Feeding Disorders, Instytut Pomnik Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka, Ul. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, University of Zagreb Medical School, Klaićeva 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Meyer Children's Hospital (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Materno Infantil, Avda. Arroyo de los Ángeles s/n, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics 460, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Yorkhill Hospital, Dalnair Street, Glasgow G3 8SJ, United Kingdom
- Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
- Rambam Health Care Campus (IL)
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
- Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital (BE)
- Sheba Medical Center (IL)
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children (GB)
- Agaplesion Markus Hospital (DE)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Ruemmele, F.M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Crohn s and Colitis
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1179-1207
- ISSN
- 1873-9946 (ISSN-L)
- 1876-4479
- OpenAlex
- W2135936774
- Cited by
- 1,083
- References
- 293
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 136 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 52.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Crohn s and Colitis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Anorectal Disease Treatments and Outcomes
- Keywords
- pediatric Crohn's disease, medical management
- MeSH terms
- Adalimumab, Infliximab, Adolescent, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Algorithms, Aminosalicylic Acids, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Azathioprine, Child, Crohn Disease, Enteral Nutrition, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Methotrexate, Remission Induction, Thalidomide, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Mercaptopurine, Maintenance Chemotherapy, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
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