The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Cilium Secretes Bioactive Ectosomes
Open accessAbstract
The release of membrane vesicles from the surface of cells into their surrounding environment is now recognized as an important pathway for the delivery of proteins to extracellular sites of biological function. Membrane vesicles of this kind, termed exosomes and ectosomes, are the result of active processes and have been shown to carry a wide array of biological effector molecules that can play roles in cell-to-cell communication and remodeling of the extracellular space. Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the regulated release of proteolytic enzymes is a key process for development, morphogenesis, and cell migration in animal and plant cells. Here we show that the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas achieves the timely degradation of its mother cell wall, a type of ECM, through the budding of ectosomes directly from the membranes of its flagella. Using a combination of immunoelectron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, and functional analysis, we demonstrate that these vesicles, which we term ciliary ectosomes, act as carriers of the proteolytic enzyme necessary for the liberation of daughter cells following mitosis. Chlamydomonas has proven to be the key unicellular model for the highly conserved mechanisms of mammalian cilia, and our results suggest that cilia may be an underappreciated source of bioactive, extracellular membrane vesicles.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, ciliary membrane content can be modulated by the ectocytosis of vesicles at the ciliary tip 26–28 (Figure 1).”
From Cellular signalling by primary cilia in development, organ function and disease (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Exosomes: Extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication
Mathivanan, S., Ji, H. L., & Simpson, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2010.06.006 · Cited by 2,581
Intercellular transfer of the oncogenic receptor EGFRvIII by microvesicles derived from tumour cells
Al-Nedawi, K. N. I., Meehan, B., Micallef, J., Lhotak, V., May, L. L., Guha, A., & Rak, J. W. (2008) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1725 · Cited by 2,037
Pazour, G. J., Dickert, B. L., Vucica, Y., Seeley, E. S., Rosenbaum, J. L., Witman, G. B., & Cole, D. G. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.151.3.709 · Cited by 1,147
Self-citationThe Chlamydomonas sourcebook: a comprehensive guide to biology and laboratory use
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-2713 · Cited by 1,075
A motility in the eukaryotic flagellum unrelated to flagellar beating.
Kozminski, K. G., Johnson, K. A., Forscher, P., & Rosenbaum, J. L. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5519 · Cited by 1,007
Self-citationCiliopathies: an expanding disease spectrum
Waters, A. M., & Beales, P. L. (2011) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-010-1731-7 · Cited by 676
Matrix vesicles and calcification
Anderson, H. C. (2003) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-003-0071-z · Cited by 606
Taraboletti, G., D’Ascenzo, S., Borsotti, P., Giavazzi, R., Pavan, A., & Dolo, V. (2002) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64887-0 · Cited by 588
The vertebrate primary cilium is a sensory organelle
Pazour, G. J., & Witman, G. B. (2003) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(02)00012-1 · Cited by 471
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 32 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–232 of 232
Vesicle carrier-mediated pathways of unconventional secretion
Zhu, M., & Ma, L. (2026) · Trends Open · doi:10.1016/j.treopn.2025.12.001 · Cited by 1
Nature‐Inspired Magnetic Cilia for Detection and Early Intervention of Vascular Stenosis
Li, L., Wang, Q., Zhou, T., Song, M., Song, J., Zeng, X., Chen, J., Duan, R., Xu, B., Xiao, X., et al. (2026) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202520941 · Cited by 1
Guleria, V. S., & Winston, C. N. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71645 · Cited by 1
Ciliary and Flagellar Membrane Vesicle (Ectosome) Purification
Dentler, W. L. (2014) · BIO-PROTOCOL · doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.1156 · Cited by 1
Practical aspects of mating and tetrad analysis
Dutcher, S. K. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822457-1.00009-1 · Cited by 1
Extracellular vesicles in ciliary signalling
Gerhardt, C., & Pfirrmann, T. (2022) · Trillium Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.47184/tev.2022.01.07 · Cited by 1
Dual role of IFT57 in cilia and nucleus in Paramecium
Shi, L. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/938d4d6ez4f30z4b94z9885z54945a0fc3c4 · Cited by 1
Transport of lipid vesicles via the cilia logistic network in the brain of mice
Günther, A.-K. (2019) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-7642
Ciliary Generation of a Peptidergic Sexual SignalPreprint
Luxmi, R., Mains, R. E., Eipper, B. A., & King, S. M. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467802
Clupper, M., Gill, R., Elsayyid, M. W., Touroutine, D., Caplan, J. L., & Tanis, J. E. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473369
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Rab35 controls cilium length, function and membrane composition.
Westlake, C. J. (2021) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.736471974.793582061
Clupper, M., Gill, R., Elsayyid, M. W., Touroutine, D., Caplan, J. L., & Tanis, J. E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4020528
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The exocyst complex in health and disease.
Théveneau, E. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.726337324.793537882
Ciliary extracellular vesicles are distinct from the cytosolic extracellular vesicles
(2021) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1002/jev2.12119
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Ciliary extracellular vesicles: txt msg organelles.
Baldari, C. T., & Finetti, F. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.726231340.793537785
Isolation of ciliary ectosomes and analysis of amidated peptide-mediated chemotaxis in Chlamydomonas
Luxmi, R., & King, S. M. (2022) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.09.009
Diener, D. R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822508-0.00007-1
Self-citationMethods for the localization of cellular components in Chlamydomonas
Silflow, C. D., Mackinder, L. C. M., & Wingfield, J. L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822457-1.00003-0
The Role of Peripherin-2/ROM1 Complexes in Photoreceptor Outer Segment Disc Morphogenesis
Lewis, T. R., Al‐Ubaidi, M. R., Naash, M. I., & Arshavsky, V. Y. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_40
Ijaz, F., Imami, K., & Ikegami, K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671189
Ononiwu, F., Mikolaj, M. R., Dell, C. W., Shamil, A. W., Narayan, K., & Hehnly, H. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674930
Removal of the Ciliary Gate Allows Axoneme Extension in the Absence of Retrograde IFTPreprint
De-Castro, A. R. G., De-Castro, M. J. G., Haasnoot, G. H., Gassmann, R., Peterman, E. J. G., Dantas, T. J., & Abreu, C. M. C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683645
Profiling truncated variants of TCTN1 unveils the essential role of its integrity for ciliogenesis
Yu, H., Jiang, L., Xu, C., Li, Y., Wang, S., Ma, Z., Yi, Q., Wu, Y., Miao, C., Dong, Z., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114190
Hara, T., Nakazato, R., SHIRAKAWA, K., Ijaz, F., Uemura, K., Takahashi, S., & Ikegami, K. (2026) · Cell Structure and Function · doi:10.1247/csf.25152
The extracellular matrix gene mec-9 regulates C. elegans sensory ciliaPreprint
Jacobs, K. C., Vore, D., Knobel, K. M., Walsh, J. D., Das, A., Dobossy, L., Nikonorova, I. A., Nguyen, K. C. Q., Goodman, M. B., Hall, D. H., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711665
Implication des protéines à domaine B9 dans la tubulogenèse biliaire
Caenen-Braz, C. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e97ff325z01b5z4b91z93cdzf7c9d244f07b
Muir, E., Grossman, A. R., Brown, N., Fedrizzi, B., Guieysse, B., & Plouviez, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6848939
Primary cilia: master conductors of cellular communication in development and disease
Thomsen, O. K., Pigino, G., Pedersen, L. B., Pazour, G. J., Wachten, D., & Christensen, S. T. (2026) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-026-01129-2
Cóceres, V. M., Miranda-Magalhães, A., de Figueiredo, R. C. B. Q., de Miguel, N., & Pereira‐Neves, A. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.10.09.758062
Le cil primaire, chef d'orchestre cellulaire
Rabaté, A., Freitas, S. D., Krüttli, L., & Durand, B. (2026) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2026150
Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, C. R., Huang, K., Diener, D. R., & Rosenbaum, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenbaum, Joel L.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3850760
- OpenAlex
- W2035252153
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 8.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM014642, GM014642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Keywords
- cilia, membrane vesicles, exosomes, Chlamydomonas, cell wall degradation, extracellular matrix degradation, proteolytic enzymes, flagella, mitosis, cell division, vesicle budding, cell-to-cell communication
- MeSH terms
- Chlamydomonas, Cilia, Extracellular Matrix, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Peptide Hydrolases, Microscopy, Immunoelectron, Cell-Derived Microparticles, Proteolysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
