The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Cilium Secretes Bioactive Ectosomes
Open accessAbstract
The release of membrane vesicles from the surface of cells into their surrounding environment is now recognized as an important pathway for the delivery of proteins to extracellular sites of biological function. Membrane vesicles of this kind, termed exosomes and ectosomes, are the result of active processes and have been shown to carry a wide array of biological effector molecules that can play roles in cell-to-cell communication and remodeling of the extracellular space. Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the regulated release of proteolytic enzymes is a key process for development, morphogenesis, and cell migration in animal and plant cells. Here we show that the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas achieves the timely degradation of its mother cell wall, a type of ECM, through the budding of ectosomes directly from the membranes of its flagella. Using a combination of immunoelectron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, and functional analysis, we demonstrate that these vesicles, which we term ciliary ectosomes, act as carriers of the proteolytic enzyme necessary for the liberation of daughter cells following mitosis. Chlamydomonas has proven to be the key unicellular model for the highly conserved mechanisms of mammalian cilia, and our results suggest that cilia may be an underappreciated source of bioactive, extracellular membrane vesicles.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, ciliary membrane content can be modulated by the ectocytosis of vesicles at the ciliary tip 26–28 (Figure 1).”
From Cellular signalling by primary cilia in development, organ function and disease (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Exosomes: Extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication
Mathivanan, S., Ji, H. L., & Simpson, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2010.06.006 · Cited by 2,581
Intercellular transfer of the oncogenic receptor EGFRvIII by microvesicles derived from tumour cells
Al-Nedawi, K. N. I., Meehan, B., Micallef, J., Lhotak, V., May, L. L., Guha, A., & Rak, J. W. (2008) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1725 · Cited by 2,037
Pazour, G. J., Dickert, B. L., Vucica, Y., Seeley, E. S., Rosenbaum, J. L., Witman, G. B., & Cole, D. G. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.151.3.709 · Cited by 1,147
Self-citationThe Chlamydomonas sourcebook: a comprehensive guide to biology and laboratory use
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-2713 · Cited by 1,075
A motility in the eukaryotic flagellum unrelated to flagellar beating.
Kozminski, K. G., Johnson, K. A., Forscher, P., & Rosenbaum, J. L. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5519 · Cited by 1,007
Self-citationCiliopathies: an expanding disease spectrum
Waters, A. M., & Beales, P. L. (2011) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-010-1731-7 · Cited by 676
Matrix vesicles and calcification
Anderson, H. C. (2003) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-003-0071-z · Cited by 606
Taraboletti, G., D’Ascenzo, S., Borsotti, P., Giavazzi, R., Pavan, A., & Dolo, V. (2002) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64887-0 · Cited by 588
The vertebrate primary cilium is a sensory organelle
Pazour, G. J., & Witman, G. B. (2003) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(02)00012-1 · Cited by 471
Cellular microparticles: what are they bad or good for?
Freyssinet, J. M. (2003) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00309.x · Cited by 416
Exosomes biological significance: A concise review
Johnstone, R. M. (2006) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.12.001 · Cited by 339
Sensory Cilia and Integration of Signal Transduction in Human Health and Disease
Christensen, S. T., Pedersen, L. B., Schneider, L. H., & Satir, P. (2006) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00516.x · Cited by 264
A role for exosomes in the constitutive and stimulus-induced ectodomain cleavage of L1 and CD44
Stoeck, A., Keller, S., Riedle, S., Sanderson, M. P., Runz, S., Naour, F. L., Gutwein, P., Ludwig, A., Rubinstein, E., & Altevogt, P. (2006) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20051013 · Cited by 246
Chapter 13 Ciliary Dysfunction in Developmental Abnormalities and Diseases
Sharma, N., Berbari, N. F., & Yoder, B. K. (2008) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(08)00813-2 · Cited by 240
Cleavage of L1 in Exosomes and Apoptotic Membrane Vesicles Released from Ovarian Carcinoma Cells
Gutwein, P., Stoeck, A., Riedle, S., Gast, D., Runz, S., Condon, T. P., Marmé, A., Phong, M.-C., Linderkamp, O., Skorokhod, A., et al. (2005) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1688 · Cited by 199
Ginestra, A., Monea, S., Seghezzi, G., Dolo, V., Nagase, H., Mignatti, P., & Vittorelli, M. L. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.27.17216 · Cited by 173
Cathepsin B Mediates the pH-Dependent Proinvasive Activity of Tumor-Shed Microvesicles
Giusti, I., D’Ascenzo, S., Millimaggi, D., Taraboletti, G., Carta, G., Franceschini, N., Pavan, A., & Dolo, V. (2008) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1593/neo.08178 · Cited by 170
Ectosomes as modulators of inflammation and immunity
Sadallah, S., Eken, C., & Schifferli, J. A. (2010) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04271.x · Cited by 152
Dolo, V., Ginestra, A., Cassarà, D., Violini, S., Lucania, G., Torrisi, M. R., Nagase, H., Canevari, S., Pavan, A., & Vittorelli, M. L. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 139
[Reliable micromethod for determination of the protein content in tissue homogenates].
Popov, N., Schmitt, M. D., Schulzeck, S., & Matthies, H. J. G. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 126
Goodenough, U. W., & StClair, H. S. (1975) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.66.3.480 · Cited by 125
The extracellular matrix and ciliary signaling
Seeger-Nukpezah, T., & Golemis, E. A. (2012) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.06.002 · Cited by 117
Pascual, M. A., Steiger, G., Sadallah, S., Paccaud, J. P., Carpentier, J. L., James, R., & Schifferli, J. A. (1994) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.179.3.889 · Cited by 98
Genetic, Biochemical, and Molecular Approaches to Volvox Development and Evolution
Kirk, D. L., & Harper, J. F. (1986) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61428-x · Cited by 72
Buchanan, M. J., Imam, S. H., Eskue, W. A., & Snell, W. J. (1989) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.108.1.199 · Cited by 62
Kubo, T., Kaida, S., Abe, J., Saito, T., Fukuzawa, H., & Matsuda, Y. (2009) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp016 · Cited by 61
Matsuda, Y., Koseki, M., Shimada, T., & Saito, T. (1995) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078809 · Cited by 31
Lescuyer, P., Pernin, A., Hainard, A., Bigeire, C., Burgess, J., Zimmermann‐Ivol, C. G., Sanchez, J., Schifferli, J. A., Hochstrasser, D. F., & Moll, S. (2008) · PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS · doi:10.1002/prca.200800033 · Cited by 12
Chapter 38 High-Resolution Imaging of Flagella
Kozminski, K. G. (1995) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60819-5 · Cited by 11
Schlösser, U. G. (1981) · Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1981.tb03412.x · Cited by 10
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 32 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Welsh, J. A., Goberdhan, D. C. I., O'Driscoll, L., Buzas, E. I., Blenkiron, C., Bussolati, B., Cai, H., Di Vizio, D., Driedonks, T. A. P., Erdbrügger, U., et al. (2024) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1002/jev2.12404 · Cited by 4,663
Extracellular Vesicles: Unique Intercellular Delivery Vehicles
Maas, S. L. N., Breakefield, X. O., & Weaver, A. M. (2016) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.003 · Cited by 1,466
Cellular signalling by primary cilia in development, organ function and disease
Anvarian, Z., Mykytyn, K., Mukhopadhyay, S., Pedersen, L. B., & Christensen, S. T. (2019) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-019-0116-9 · Cited by 845
Therapeutic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles: Clinical Promise and Open Questions
György, B., Hung, M. E., Breakefield, X. O., & Leonard, J. N. (2014) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124630 · Cited by 525
Biogenesis and function of ESCRT-dependent extracellular vesicles
Juan, T., & Fürthauer, M. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.022 · Cited by 479
Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, C. R., Huang, K., Diener, D. R., & Rosenbaum, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenbaum, Joel L.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3850760
- OpenAlex
- W2035252153
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 8.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM014642, GM014642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Keywords
- cilia, membrane vesicles, exosomes, Chlamydomonas, cell wall degradation, extracellular matrix degradation, proteolytic enzymes, flagella, mitosis, cell division, vesicle budding, cell-to-cell communication
- MeSH terms
- Chlamydomonas, Cilia, Extracellular Matrix, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Peptide Hydrolases, Microscopy, Immunoelectron, Cell-Derived Microparticles, Proteolysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
