The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anaerobic Bacteria Grow within Candida albicans Biofilms and Induce Biofilm Formation in Suspension Cultures
Open accessAbstract
The human microbiome contains diverse microorganisms, which share and compete for the same environmental niches. A major microbial growth form in the human body is the biofilm state, where tightly packed bacterial, archaeal, and fungal cells must cooperate and/or compete for resources in order to survive. We examined mixed biofilms composed of the major fungal species of the gut microbiome, Candida albicans, and each of five prevalent bacterial gastrointestinal inhabitants: Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. We observed that biofilms formed by C. albicans provide a hypoxic microenvironment that supports the growth of two anaerobic bacteria, even when cultured in ambient oxic conditions that are normally toxic to the bacteria. We also found that coculture with bacteria in biofilms induces massive gene expression changes in C. albicans, including upregulation of WOR1, which encodes a transcription regulator that controls a phenotypic switch in C. albicans, from the "white" cell type to the "opaque" cell type. Finally, we observed that in suspension cultures, C. perfringens induces aggregation of C. albicans into "mini-biofilms," which allow C. perfringens cells to survive in a normally toxic environment. This work indicates that bacteria and C. albicans interactions modulate the local chemistry of their environment in multiple ways to create niches favorable to their growth and survival.
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“Moreover, when cultured together with C. albicans in ambient oxygen, these anaerobes could induce the latter to form mini-biofilms, which, in turn, could protect the bacteria and allow them to proliferate under otherwise toxic conditions.”
From Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease (2015) · cites this paper as [60]
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“In this study, biofilms formed by C. albicans provided a hypoxic microenvironment that could support the growth of the two strictly anaerobic bacteria, B. fragilis and C. perfringens—even though the biofilms were grown under oxygen-rich conditions.”
From Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease (2015) · cites this paper as [60]
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Cites
Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110591 · Cited by 7,913
Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms
Donlan, R. M., & Costerton, J. W. (2002) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.15.2.167-193.2002 · Cited by 6,644
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Savage, D. C. (1977) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543 · Cited by 2,436
Lewis, K. (2010) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134306 · Cited by 1,858
Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals
Ghannoum, M. A., Jurevic, R. J., Mukherjee, P. K., Cui, F., Sikaroodi, M., Naqvi, A., & Gillevet, P. M. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000713 · Cited by 1,150 · cited 1×
“We examined mixed biofilms composed of the major fungal species of the gut microbiome, Candida albicans, and each of five prevalent bacterial gastrointestinal inhabitants: Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis [7–10].”
BackgroundInteractions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis
Iliev, I. D., Funari, V. A., Taylor, K. D., Nguyen, Q., Reyes, C. N., Strom, S. P., Brown, J., Becker, C. A., Fleshner, P. R., Dubinsky, M., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1221789 · Cited by 1,073
BiofilmsPreprint
López, D., Vlamakis, H. C., & Kolter, R. (2010) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000398 · Cited by 796
A Recently Evolved Transcriptional Network Controls Biofilm Development in Candida albicans
Nobile, C. J., Fox, E. P., Nett, J. E., Sorrells, T. R., Mitrovich, Q. M., Hernday, A. D., Tuch, B. B., Andes, D. R., & Johnson, A. D. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.048 · Cited by 711
Self-citationNoble, S. M., French, S., Kohn, L. A., Chen, V., & Johnson, A. D. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.605 · Cited by 678
Self-citationNoble, S. M., & Johnson, A. D. (2005) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.4.2.298-309.2005 · Cited by 592
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Zhao, Z., Kok, N. W. H., Wong, A. S. W., Nataño, J. H. J., Nolan, L. M., & Loo, S. C. J. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.153262
Rizal, M. I., Bachtiar, E. W., Bachtiar, B. M., Soeroso, Y., Tadjoedin, F. M., Soejoedono, R. D., Gultom, F. P., Haerani, N., Djamil, M. S., & Roeslan, B. O. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Periodontology & Implant Dentistry · doi:10.34172/japid.026.3982
Shen, Y., Chadwick, B. J., Peng, X., Gao, Y., & Ding, C. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2734644
Olivier, F. A. B., Renshaw, J. L., Kraupner-Taylor, C. A., Swaminathan, A., Harrison, P. F., Beilharz, T. H., & Traven, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11227287/v1
Kaplan, J. B., Sawaed, W., Katz, A. Z., Rysin, R., Kogan, L., Rohde, H., & Kridin, K. (2026) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.3390/microbiolres17110216
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, E. P., Cowley, E. S., Nobile, C. J., Hartooni, N., Newman, D. K., & Johnson, A. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Alexander D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 2411-2416
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4252622
- OpenAlex
- W1993028695
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 10.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Sandler Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, San Francisco
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL117328)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007810)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K99AI100896, R01AI083311, T32AI060537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, anaerobic bacteria, polymicrobial biofilms, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, hypoxic microenvironment, fungal-bacterial interactions, gut microbiota
- MeSH terms
- Anaerobiosis, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Candida albicans, Microbiological Techniques, Biofilms, Coculture Techniques
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