Proteochemometrics – recent developments in bioactivity and selectivity modeling
Open accessAbstract
Proteochemometrics is a machine learning based modeling approach relying on a combination of ligand and protein descriptors. With ongoing developments in machine learning and increases in public data the technique is more frequently applied in early drug discovery, typically in ligand-target binding prediction. Common applications include improvements to single target quantitative structure-activity relationship models, protein selectivity and promiscuity modeling, and large-scale deep learning approaches. The increase in predictive power using proteochemometrics is observed in multi-target bioactivity modeling, opening the door to more extensive studies covering whole protein families. On top of that, with deep learning fueling more complex and larger scale models, proteochemometrics allows faster and higher quality computational models supporting the design, make, test cycle.
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Recent efforts have broadened applicability of supervised AI/ML models to low-data and no-data scenarios, i.e., under-studied and unliganded proteins.
“Indeed, recent efforts have broadened the applicability of supervised AI/ML models to low-data and no-data scenarios,112,113 i.e. to under-studied and unliganded proteins.”
From Advancing Targeted Protein Degradation via Multiomics Profiling and Artificial Intelligence (2023) · cites this paper as [113]
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Liu, A. Z. R., Le, N. Q. K., & Chua, M. C. H. (2026) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btag488 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The approach taken in DTI prediction works fall within the broader paradigm of proteochemometric (PCM) modelling (Qiu et al. 2017, Bongers et al. 2019), which jointly represents both ligand and target features to model bioactivity across multiple compound–protein pairs.”
Carlucci, R., & Porta, E. O. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Drug Discovery · doi:10.3389/fddsv.2026.1836983 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, X. D., Xie, L., & Chen, W. (2026) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.6c00322 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
General considerations on artificial intelligence
Dharamsi, A. T., Navale, A. M., & Jambhekar, S. S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89925-3.00002-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Uma, E., & Mala, T. (2025) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2025.108472 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Editorial for the Special Section "Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery"
Kirchmair, J. (2019) · Drug Discovery Today Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.12.001
Multi-level selective potentiality maximization for interpreting multi-layered neural networks
Kamimura, R. (2022) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-021-02705-8
“This can be justified by many observations on the existence of higher selectivity of the components of neural networks, such as shape selectivity [29], mixed selectivity [30], category selectivity [31], and selectivity in bio-activity [32].”
BackgroundBalancing Data on Proteochemometrics Activity ClassificationPreprint
Rio, A. L.-D., Picart‐Armada, S., & Perera-Lluna, A. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13634849
Prediction of viral protease inhibitors using proteochemometrics approach
Karasev, D. А., Sobolev, B. N., Filimonov, D. A., & Lagunin, A. A. (2024) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108061
PbsNRs: predict the potential binders and scaffolds for nuclear receptors
Zheng, G., Wu, D., Wei, X., Xu, D., Mao, T., Yan, D., Han, W., Shang, X., Chen, Z., Qiu, J., et al. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae710
“In the PCM model, the combination of ligand descriptors and protein descriptors is utilized as the input of machine learning model [22–24].”
Comparative efficiency of structure activity relationship and proteochemometric modelling
Malakhov, G., Karasev, D. А., & Sobolev, B. N. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2025.109134
González, M. G., van den Broek, R. L., Braun, T. G. M., Chatzopoulou, M., Jespers, W., IJzerman, A. P., Heitman, L. H., & van Westen, G. J. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26613314
Self-citationLee, I., & Nam, H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19144945
González, M. G., van den Broek, R. L., Braun, T. G. M., Chatzopoulou, M., Jespers, W., IJzerman, A. P., Heitman, L. H., & van Westen, G. J. P. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26613317
Self-citationDamavandi, S., Shiri, F., Emamjomeh, A., Pirhadi, S., & Beyzaei, H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23639916
Ogoś, M., & Bajda, M. (2026) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2026.2742988
- Authors
- Bongers, B. J., IJzerman, A. P., & Van Westen, G. J. P.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Drug Discovery Today: Technologies
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 32-33
- Pages
- 89-98
- ISSN
- 1740-6749 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3087418839
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Drug Discovery Today Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Machine Learning in Bioinformatics
- Keywords
- proteochemometrics, protein selectivity, QSAR, deep learning, early drug discovery, ligand descriptors, protein descriptors
- MeSH terms
- Binding Sites, Humans, Ligands, Models, Molecular, Proteins, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Discovery
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