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Emotion regulation in parenthood
Open accessAbstract
Emotion regulation, defined as the capacity to influence one's experience and expression of emotion, is a complex skill now recognized to evolve throughout the lifetime. Here we examine the role of emotion regulation in parenthood, and propose that regulatory function during this period is distinct from the emotion regulation skills acquired and implemented during other periods of life. In this review, we consider the unique demands of caring for a child and recognize that parents have to maintain a regulated state as well as facilitate regulation in their child, especially early in development. We examine neurobiological, hormonal and behavioral shifts during the transition to parenthood that may facilitate parental regulation in response to infant cues. Furthermore, we consider how parents shape emotion regulation in their child, and the clinical implications of regulatory functioning within the parent-child relationship.
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“Inappropriate emotional regulation by mothers has been shown to have a significant impact on children’s emotional regulation skills and mental health, including children’s modeling of parental emotional regulation skills and instability in children’s attachment systems [4].”
From Psychometric Properties of the Japanese Version of the Parental Acceptance and Action Questionnaire in Parents with Infants and Toddlers (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
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Alvarez-Monjarás, M., Mayes, L. C., Potenza, M. N., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1498113 · Cited by 79
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A Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Group Case Study on Mothers With Severe Emotion Dysregulation
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“Due to the complexities in needing to both self-regulate and facilitate a child’s emotion regulation, Rutherford and colleagues (Rutherford et al., 2015), have proposed that both the nature and function of skills necessary for emotion regulation within the context of parenting are distinct from…”
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Parental Emotion Regulation and Mentalization in Families of Children With ADHD
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“The transition to parenthood is accompanied by physiological and neurobiological changes, including increases in hormones spurring changes in networks salient to caregiving (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
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Higher maternal reflective functioning is associated with toddlers’ adaptive emotion regulation
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The role of interpersonal emotional regulation on maternal mental health
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School-Aged Children With Higher Reflective Functioning Exhibit Lower Cardiovascular Reactivity
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“We see this as consistent with the theorized association, given that more sensitive or controlled parenting may in and of itself be evidence of better emotion regulation (47).”
ResultMothers’ parental mentalization, attachment dimensions and mother-infant relational patterns
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“Better parental mentalization, on the other hand, has been associated with better stress tolerance in the face of high levels of simulated arousal (Rutherford et al., 2015) and a better ability to screen out insensitive parental responses (Ensink et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe impact of treating parental anxiety on children’s mental health: An empty systematic review
Chapman, L. A., Hutson, R., Dunn, A., Brown, M., Savill, E., & Cartwright‐Hatton, S. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102557 · Cited by 40
Exploring the complexity of mothers’ real-time emotions while caregiving.
Kerr, M. L., Rasmussen, H. F., Buttitta, K. V., Smiley, P. A., & Borelli, J. L. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000719 · Cited by 41
DRD4 interacts with adverse life events in predicting maternal sensitivity via emotion regulation.
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“The purpose of these strategies is to change the person experiencing the emotion (internal) or the change in the other person (external), such as when parents help their children adjust their emotions (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLet’s Connect: A developmentally-driven emotion-focused parenting intervention
Shaffer, A. E., Fitzgerald, M. M., Shipman, K., & Torres, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.05.007 · Cited by 31
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“Parents are continuously tasked with maintaining a regulated state while also facilitating their young child’s emotion regulation and responding to their needs (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDisordered eating and emotion dysregulation among adolescents and their parents
Hansson, E., Daukantaité, D., & Johnsson, P. (2017) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-017-0180-5 · Cited by 30
“younger people is that emotion regulation skills develop well into adulthood, and therefore might not be as advanced in adolescence as in later life [38].”
BackgroundCabecinha‐Alati, S., Langevin, R., Kern, A., & Montreuil, T. C. (2020) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00184-y · Cited by 30
Tangible interaction in parent-child collaboration
Sadka, O., Erel, H., Grishko, A., & Zuckerman, O. (2018) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3202185.3202746 · Cited by 29
“As parents’ involvement in children’s activities can have a drastic impact on their development, retaining awareness in parent-child interaction becomes an important challenge [5, 50].”
BackgroundGurtovenko, K., & Katz, L. F. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517690874 · Cited by 28
Moreira, H., & Fonseca, A. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01288-2 · Cited by 35
“[22] and with studies showing that parental emotion regulation is essential to sensible parenting [49] and suggest that emotion dysregulation can be a barrier to parental reflective functioning.”
BackgroundInvestigating the relationship between working memory and emotion regulation in mothers
Rutherford, H. J. V., Booth, C. R., Crowley, M. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2015.1075542 · Cited by 28
Flujas-Contreras, J. M., Recio-Berlanga, Á., Andrés, M. P., Fernández-Torres, M., Sánchez-López, P., & Gómez, I. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.07.006 · Cited by 27
Urgesi, C., Mattiassi, A. D. A., Buiatti, T., & Marini, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.039 · Cited by 25
“Growing evidence suggests that adults’ ability to influence others’ experience and expression of emotion in caregiving contexts facilitates children’s positive and sensitive responding to emotional stimuli and impacts their psychological and physical development (Crandall et al., 2015; Rutherford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundElterliche Emotionsdysregulation als Risikofaktor für die kindliche Entwicklung
Ulrich, F., & Petermann, F. (2017) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000225 · Cited by 27
Henrichs, J., van den Heuvel, M. I., Witteveen, A. B., Wilschut, J. A., & den Bergh, B. R. H. V. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01115-9 · Cited by 34
“…to prenatal maternal anxiety may progress over time and result in long-lasting behavioral deficits through bidirectional interactions with adverse (postnatal) environmental factors, such as maternal anxiety and poor mindful parenting (Klahr and Burt 2014; Rutherford et al. 2015; Stein et al. 2014).”
BackgroundRutherford, H., Potenza, M., Mayes, L., & Scheinost, D. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz185 · Cited by 24
“2017)—both capacities important for early caregiving (Swain et al. 2014; Rutherford et al. 2015).”
Neurobiology of maternal mental illness
Maguire, J., McCormack, C., Mitchell, A., & Monk, C. E. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64239-4.00005-9 · Cited by 28
Lathren, C., Bluth, K., & Zvara, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12388 · Cited by 36
“Additionally, emotional self-regulation, or parents’ capacity to modulate their own experience and expression of difficult emotions in the context of parenting interactions, is an important parent function (Rutherford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBAXTER, A. B., Anderson, M., Seelke, A. M. H., Kinnally, E. L., Freeman, S. M., & Bales, K. L. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74243-1 · Cited by 26
Carli, P. D., Tagini, A., Sarracino, D., Santona, A. M. R., Bonalda, V., Cesari, P. E., & Parolin, L. A. L. (2017) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc_2017_81_11 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, effects (which can be directly relevant) have started to emerge (Lo-manowska, Boivin, Hertzman, & Fleming, 2017), and the first attempts to review and synthesize them can be made in order to propose new theoretical approaches (Rutherford, Wallace, Laurent, & Mayes, 2015).”
Stormshak, E. A., Matulis, J. M., Nash, W. A., & Cheng, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695967 · Cited by 28
Aydın, A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05455-9 · Cited by 37
Döpfner, M., Katzmann, J., Hanisch, C., Fegert, J. M., Kölch, M. G., Ritschel, A., Treier, A., Hellmich, M., Roessner, V., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2239-8 · Cited by 27
Krystal, J. H., Alvarado, J., Ball, S. A., Fortunati, F., Hu, M., Ivy, M. E., Kapo, J. M., Olson, K. D., Rohrbaugh, R. M., Sinha, R., et al. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.11.005 · Cited by 25
“It drew on a mindfulness-informed approach to stress management [7], a resilience-promoting wellness-oriented perspective [8], a scientificallybased model for human resilience [9], a disaster-oriented brief intervention [10], a peer support model developed to support military personnel in combat [11,12], an expert app…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rutherford, Helena J.V.
- Venue
- Developmental Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0273-2297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4465117
- OpenAlex
- W2091646394
- Cited by
- 485
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 27.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Anna Freud Centre
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH083462-02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, parenthood, parenting, parent-child relationship, infant cues, affective neuroscience, hormones, child development, clinical implications
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